книги студ / Color Atlas of Pathophysiology (S Silbernagl et al, Thieme 2000)

muscular activity, breathing

hypertension, 114, 210

Na+-Cl– cotransporter, 98

regulation, 82

hypothyroidism, 284

Na+-glucose/galactose trans-

muscular dystrophy, 306 f

insulin, 288

porter, 96

muscular excitability,

renal failure, 108ff

Na+-K–-2 Cl– cotransporter,

thyroid hormones, 282

renal transport, 9ff

diarrhea, 150

Musset’s sign, 200

sex hormones, 272ff, 276

eicosanoids, 296

myasthenia gravis,

stroke, 360

hearing, 328

16, 56, 304f

taste, 330

insulin, 288

myb, 14

vomiting, 140

magnesium, 126

myc, 7, 14

3Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, cell

potassium, 124

mycobacteria, see bacteria

death, 10

renal transport, 98ff

mycosis, 238

heart, 182

Na+-phosphate cotrans-

myelin base protein, 56

hypertension, 114, 112

porter, 96

myelination, 302, 284

renal failure, 108, 112

NaCl, see Na+

myeloid, 28

transport, 96ff

naked lymphocytes

myelopoiesis, 28

Na+ channels, blockers,

syndrome, 58

myenteric plexus, 136

98, 320

narcolepsy, 340

myocardial infarction, 218ff

calcium, 128

narcotics, 230, 342f

aortic stenosis, 198

cardiac excitation, 180,188

nasal mucosa, 162

circulatory shock, 230

cystic fibrosis, 162

natriuresis (see Na+), 98, 122

diabetes mellitus, 290

defects, 98, 306

natriuretic hormone,

eicosanoids, 296

myotonia, 306

see atriopeptin

heart failure, 224

neuromuscular trans-

natural killer cells, 44,

hyperthermia, 24

mission, 304

52, 262

lipoproteins, 247

renal transport, 98

nausea, allergies, 52

pain, 320

Na+(HCO3–)3 cotrans-

calcium, 128

pericarditis, 228

port, 96f, 86ff

cerebral edema, 358

thromboembolism, 240

Na+/H+ exchanger,

coronary heart disease,

myocardial remodeling,

acid–base, 86ff

220

220, 224, 226

esophagus, 138

gastrectomy, 148

myocardium, see heart

insulin, 288

hyperthermia, 22

myoclonus, 348

peptic ulcer, 144

motor tracts, 310

myofibroblasts, 172

potassium, 124

pain, 320

myoglobin, 108, 244, 254

pregnancy, 116

porphyrias, 254

myoinositol, see inositol

renal transport, 96

renal failure, 110

myolysis, 108, 124, 130

signal transmission, 7

vestibular system, 330

myopathy, 130, 308f

Na+/K+ ATPase, acidosis, 90

vomiting, 140

myopia, 322

cell death, 10

NBD1 (nucleotide binding

myotonia, 306

cerebral edema, 358

domain), 162

myxedema, see hypo-

cholestasis, 168

NCF (neutrophilic chemo-

thyroidism, 284

consciousness, 342

tactic factor), 48

epilepsy, 338

NCNA (noncholinergic

N

erythrocytes, 30, 40

nonadrenergic) neurones,

excitation in the heart, 182

136ff

Na+, 112f

hearing, 328

necrosis, 10

hypertension, 210

cirrhosis, 172

acidosis, 88

insulin, 288

hyperthermia, 24

aldosterone, 266ff

nerve cells, 300

myocardial infarction, 222

blood brain barrier, 356

potassium, 124

nerve cells, 300

bone, 132

renal failure, 108, 112

pain, 320

cell death, 10

renal hypertension, 114

pancreatitis, 158f

cerebral edema, 358

renal transport, 96ff

tissue repair, 50

diarrhea, 150

stroke, 360

neologisms, 344

eicosanoids, 296

thyroid hormones, 282

neomycin, 154

neonates, 24, 84,

Cushing’s disease, 268

norepinephrine, 332f

284, 356

glomerular disease, 102

Alzheimer’s disease, 348

nephritis, 102, 106ff

gout, 250

breathing regulation, 82

nephrocalcinosis, 120

newborns, see neonates

Cushing’s disease, 268

nephrolithiasis,

NFκb (nuclear factor), 7, 58

depression, 350

see urolithiasis

NGF (nerve growth factor),

eicosanoids, 296

nephron, 96ff

300, 348

female sex hormones, 274

nephrosclerosis, 114

NH4+, acid-base, 86ff

fever, 20

nephrotic syndrome,

consciousness, 342

heart, 182, 188, 216ff, 226

80, 104f

hepatorenal syndrome,

hypertension, 212

nerve, motor unit, 306

118

memory, 346

nerve cells, 4, 300ff

peptic ulcer, 146

pain, 320

nerve ending, 304

urolithiasis, 120

potassium, 124

nerve growth factor,

nickel, 54

signaling, 7

300, 348

nicotinic acid, 96

sleep disorders, 340

nervous system, 298ff

nicotine, addiction, 354

normochromic, erythro-

Cushing’s disease, 268

antidiuretic hormone, 260

cytes, 30

gout, 250

atherosclerosis, 236

normocytic, erythrocytes, 30

hyperthermia, 22

vomiting, 140

NPC1 see Niemann-Pick

lipidoses, 244

nicotinergic receptors, 346

disease

malabsorption, 154

Niemann-Pick disease, 244

NPY (neuropeptide y)

phosphate, 130

nifedipine, 188

obesity, 26

porphyrias, 254

night blindness, 324f

NREM (nonrapid eyemove-

Wilson’s disease, 252

nigrastriatal neurons,

ment) see sleep

neuralgia, 320

314, 352

NSAIDs see nonsteroidal

neurodegenerative disease,

nipple, 260

antiinflammatory drugs

12, 306ff, 310ff, 316,

nitrates, 220, 280

nuclei emboliformis, 316

342, 346ff

nitric oxide, see NO

nuclei fastigii, 316

neurofibrils, 348

NK cells (natural killer

nucleotide-binding

neurogenic myopathy, 308

cells), 44, 52, 262

domains, 162

neurogenic shock, 230, 332

NMDA, aging, 18

nucleus of the median

neuroleptics, 314

NMDA receptor,

raphe, 312

neuromuscular excitability,

338, 342, 346

nucleus solitarius, 20

adrenal hormones, 268ff

NO, Alzheimer’s disease,

neuromuscular excitability

alkalosis, 90

348

chronic renal failure, 112

calcium, 128

atherosclerosis, 236

nycturia, 100f, 106, 226

diabetes mellitus, 290

coronary circulation, 216

NYHA (New York Heart

magnesium, 126

esophagus, 136

Association), 224ff

potassium, 124

heart failure, 226

nystagmus, 310, 316, 330,

renal failure, 110

histamine, 294

360

thyroid hormones, 282ff

immune defense, 42

neuromuscular trans-

portal hypertension, 170

O

mission, 304f

signal transmission, 6

neuron, 300ff

nociceptors, 48, 220, 318ff

neuropeptide Y, 26, 348

nocturnal diuresis

O2 (see as well hypoxia), 84f

neurotransmitters, 300ff

see nycturia

circulatory shock, 230

neutropenia,

nodulus, 316

coronary circulation, 216ff

see neutrophils

noncholinergic nonadrener-

mitral stenosis, 194

neutrophilic chemotactic

gic (NCNA) neurones, 136

respiration, 66ff, 80ff

factor, 48

non-rapid eye movement

thyroid hormones, 282ff

neutrophils, 28ff, 32,

(NREM) see sleep

O2– see oxidants

42, 48ff

nonsteroidal anti-inflam-

O2 affinity, 66ff, 282, 290

Addison’s disease, 270

matory drugs, 138, 142,

O2 dissociation curve, 66ff

allergies, 52

146, 296f

O2 radicals, see oxidants

O2 utilization, 84

optic nerve, 326f

overweight, see obesity

OAF (osteoclast activating

cerebral edema, 358

OVLT (organum vasculosum

factor), 128

glaucoma, 322

of the lamina terminalis),

obesity, 26f

multiple sclerosis, 302

20

atherosclerosis, 236

stroke, 360

ovulation, female sex

blood pressure, 206

optical radiation, 326

hormones, 274

diabetes mellitus, 286

optokinetic nystagmus, 330

ovulation inhibitors,

esophagus, 136

oral antidiabetic drugs, 292

see contraceptive pills

gout, 250

oral mucosa, 2

oxalate, 38, 62, 120

hypothalamus, 334

organ of Corti, 328

α-oxidation, 316

lipoproteins, 247

organ transplantation, 45

oxidants, aging, 18

somatotropin, 262

organic acids, 86ff

allergies, 54

venous disease, 240

organum vasculosum, 20

Alzheimer’s disease, 348

ob-gene, 26

ornithine, 96

anemias, 40

obstructive lung disease,

orthopnea, 80

atherosclerosis, 236

66, 72, 76ff

orthostasis, 80

cirrhosis, 172

ocular deviation, 360

orthostatic hypoten-

eicosanoids, 296

oculocutaneous albinism,

sion, 148, 332

heme synthesis, 254

242

Osler-Weber-Rendu disease,

hemochromatosis, 252

oculomotor nerve,

64

hyperoxia, 84

326, 358, 360

osmolality, diabetes mellitus,

immune defects, 58

odor, 330

288

immune defense, 42

Ogilvy syndrome, 156

diarrhea, 150

inflammation, 50

1,25-(OH)2-D3 see calcitriol

erythrocytes, 30

Parkinson’s disease

25-OH2-D3 (calcidiol), 132

kidney medulla, 100

peptic ulcer, 146

olfaction, 330f

salt balance, 122

tissue repair, 50

olfactory cortex, Alzheimer’s

sensory system, 318

Wilson’s disease, 252

disease, 330f, 348

osmolytes (see as well

oxide synthethase, 118

oliguria Addison’s disease,

inositol), 12

oxidized LDLs, 238

270

osmotic diuresis, 100f, 126,

oxygen, see O2

antidiuretic hormone, 260

288

oxygen radicals, see oxidants

circulatory shock, 230

osmotic resistance, 36, 40

oxytocin, 6, 260, 334

hepatorenal syn-

ossicles, 328

drome, 118

osteoblasts, 132

P

renal failure, 108

osteoclast-activating factor,

salt balance, 122

128

olivary, 346

osteocytes, 2

P mitrale, 194

oncogenes, 7, 14

osteoid, 132

P wave, 184ff

oncoproteins, 14

osteomalacia, 132f

p21-protein, 14

oncotic pressure, 80, 102ff,

chronic renal failure, 110f

p-38 kinase, 7

234, 296

eicosanoids, 296

p53, 12ff

opening click, 198

gastrectomy, 148

Pacchionian bodies, 356

opiate receptor, 354f

malabsorption, 154

pacemaker, 180, 188ff

opiates, 354

phosphate, 130

Pacini bodies, 318

adrenocortical

osteopenia, 132

PAF (platelet activating

hormones, 266

osteoporosis, 132f

factor), 48ff, 60

antidiuretic hormone,

Cushing’s disease, 268

PAH (paraaminohip-

260

female sex hormones, 276

purate), 94

constipation, 156

hyperthyroidism, 282

Pain, 318ff

memory, 346

ouabain (see digitalis), 112ff,

adrenocortical

olfaction, 330

122, 210

hormones, 266

pain, 320

ovarian insufficiency, 274

allergies, 52ff

opsonization, 44, 50ff

ovaries, 246, 274ff, 278

antidiuretic hormone,

optic chiasm, 262, 326

overprotectiveness, 26

260

autonomic nervous

papilla, 160

obstructivelung disease,76

system, 332

papillary muscles, 196

tissue repair, 51

bradykinin, 294

papilledema, 358

urolithiasis, 120

breathing regulation, 82

paracellular transport, 98

PBG (porphobilinogen), 254

cholelithiasis, 166

paracrine, 256

PCO2 (C02 partial pressure),

constipation, 156

parageusia, 330

66ff

coronary heart disease,

paralysis, 298

PO2 (O2 partial pressure), 66ff

218, 220

porphyrias, 254

PDGF (platelet derived

eicosanoids, 296

motor unit, 306

growth factor), athero-

esophagus, 138

stroke, 360

sclerosis, 238

gastrectomy, 148

paramyotonia, 306

cell growth, 4

glycogen storage diseases,

paraneoplasia, 316

cirrhosis, 172

244

paraphasia, 344

heart failure, 226

gout, 250

parasites, 42, 48

hemostasis, 60

hyperoxia, 84

parasympathetic

tissue repair, 50

hyperthermia, 24

nerves, 332ff

PDS (paroxysmal depolariza-

inflammation, 48ff

cardiac excitation,

tion shift), 338

pancreatitis, 160

182, 186, 190

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher

pericarditis, 228

glaucoma, 322

disease, 302

porphyrias, 254

Parkinson’s disease, 312

penicillamine, 330

stroke, 360

peptic ulcer, 144

penicillin, 52, 106

urolithiasis, 120

stroke, 360

penis, 272f

venous disease, 240

taste, 330

pentdekacatechol, 54

pallidum, 312ff

parathyroid gland, 112

pentose phosphate cycle, 40

pallor, 176, 198, 226, 230ff

parathyroid hormone,

pentosin, 290

palmitate, 164

see PTH

penumbra, 360

palpitations, 148

paraventricular nuclei,

pepsin(ogen), 134, 144ff

p-aminohippuric acid, 94

260, 334

calcium, 128

pancreas, 134, 158ff

parenteral nutrition, 164

chronic renal failure, 110

cell growth, 2

paresthesia, 128, 306, 318f

circulatory shock, 232

cholelithiasis, 166

parietal cells, 142

Cushing’s disease, 268

diabetes mellitus, 286ff

parietal lobes, 348

eicosanoids, 296

emphysema, 78

parietal-temporal associa-

esophagus, 136ff

gastrectomy, 148

tion cortex, 344

histamine, 294

hemochromatosis, 252

Parkinson’s disease, 312f

peptic ulcer, 142ff

malabsorption, 154

apotic cell death, 12

tumors, 16

vomiting, 140

constipation, 156

perchlorate, 280

pancreatic duct fistula, 88

olfaction, 330

perforating veins, 240

pancreatic islets, 286ff

stroke, 360

perforins, 44f

pancreatic stone protein, 160

parosmia, 330

perfusion (lung), 72

pancreatitis, 158ff

paroxysmal depolarization

periaqueductal gray

bradykinin, 294

shift, 338

matter, 320

calcium, 128

paroxysmal nocturnal

pericardial effusion,

cholelithiasis, 166

hemoglubinuria, 40

228, 284

circulatory shock, 230

paroxysmal tachycardia, 190

pericardial rub, 228

cystic fibrosis, 162

partial pressure, 70

pericardial tamponade, 222,

diabetes mellitus, 286

partial thromboplastin

228f, 238

icterus, 168

time, 62

pericardiectomy, 228

lipoproteins, 247

pathogens, emphysema, 78

pericarditis, 170, 228ff

magnesium, 126

fever, 20

pericytes, 324

malabsorption, 152

immune defense,

peripheral myelin protein,

pancreozymin, see CCK

42, 50, 58

302

panlobular emphysema, 78

inflammation, 50

peripheral vascular resis-

panmyelopathy, 30

nerve cells, 300

tance see TPR

diabetes mellitus, 288

pressoreceptors, 230

coronary circulation, 216

potassium, 124

pressure (see blood pressure),

Cushing’s disease, 268

Pompe, 244

edemas, 234

esophagus, 136

pons, 360

glomerular filtration, 102

fever, 20

pontine nuclei, 316, 346

sensory system, 318

heart failure, 226

popliteal arteries, 236

pressure diuresis, 100, 210

hepatorenal syn-

porphobilinogen, 254

pretectal area, 326

drome, 118

porphobilinogen

primaquin, 40

histamine, 294

deaminase, 254

primary response, 42

inflammation, 48ff

porphyria cutanea tarda, 252

Prinzmetal’s angina, 218

kidney, 92, 100, 106, 110ff

porphyrias, 254

prions, 316, 348

myocardial infarction, 220

portal bypass circuits, 170

procainamide, 188

pain, 320

portal hypertension,

progeria, 18

peptic ulcer, 144ff

62, 118, 170ff

progesterone, 274ff

pregnancy, 116

portal vein thrombosis, 170

adrenocortical

serotonin, 294

portocaval shunt, 252

hormones, 264

signal transmission, 6f

positioning attempt, 316

breathing regulation, 82

prostate, 106, 272

postcentral gyrus, 318

cholelithiasis, 164

protanomaly, 324

posterior cerebral

diabetes mellitus, 286

protanopia, 324

artery, 360

esophagus, 136

proteases, 172

posterior communicating

hypothalamus

Protein metabolism, acid

artery, 360

intersexuality, 278

base, 86, 88

postmenopausal, 132, 276ff

kidney, 92

Addison’s disease, 270

postsinusoidal, 170

programmed cell death,

androgens, 272

posture, 316

12, 300

CSF, 356

potassium, see K+, 124ff

prolactin, 260f

edemas, 234

PQ interval, 184ff

androgens, 272

female sex hormones, 276

PR interval, 190

female sex hormones, 274

hydrocephalus, 356

PR segment, 228

hypothyroidism, 284

insulin, 258, 288

precoccious puberty

signal transmission, 6

malabsorption, 134, 152f

264, 268

somatotropin, 262

urinary concentration, 100

precordial leads, 184

proliferation, 2

protein C, 220

precursor cells, 28ff

proliferation, aging, 18

protein Ck, 60

preeclampsia, 116

immune defense, 42

protein kinase A, 6, 162, 354

prefrontal cortex, 346, 352

peptic ulcer, 144

protein kinase C, 7

pregnancy, 274ff

signal transmission, 7

protein kinase G, 6, 216

blood pressure, 206

somatotropin, 262

protein permeability, 294

cholelithiasis, 164ff

tumor cells, 14

protein Sk, 60

cholestasis, 168

proline dehydrogenase, 242

proteinase, 78

constipation, 156

pro-opiomelanocortin, 270

α1-proteinase inhibitor, 78

diabetes mellitus, 286

prophase, 2

protein-binding, 28

epilepsy, 338

propionyl-CoA-carboxy-

proteinuria nephrotic syn-

esophagus, 136

lase, 242

drome, 104, 116, 234

folate, 34

proprioception, 318

proteoglycans, athero-

hypertension, 116, 210

prosopagnosia, 326

sclerosis, 238

iron deficiency, 38

prostacyclins, 170, 220, 296f

bone, 132

kidney, 106, 116

prostaglandins, 296f

cell growth, 4

mitral stenosis, 194

Alzheimer’s disease, 348

cirrhosis, 172

venous disease, 240

androgens, 272

nephrotic syndrome, 104

vomiting, 140

Bartter’s syndrome, 98

proteolysis, see protein

prekallikrein, 60

breathing regulation, 82

metabolism

premotor cortex, 344

cholelithiasis, 166

prothrombin, 60ff

prerenal load, 94

circulatory shunts, 204

circulatory shock, 232

presbyopia, 322

constipation, 156

liver failure, 174

malabsorption, 154

phosphate, 130

purinenucleoside

pancreatitis, 158

renal excretion, 94, 98

phosphorylase, 58

proto-oncogenes, 7

signal transmission, 6

Purkinje fibers, 180, 186ff

protoporphyria, 254

urolithiasis, 120

potassium, 124

protoporphyrin, 36, 254

ptosis, 332, 360

purpura, 64f, 268

protracted shock, 232

PTT (partial thromboplastin

putamen, 312

proximal tubules, 96ff

time), 62

pyelonephritis, 106f

acidosis, 88

pubic hair, 270ff, 276

diabetes mellitus, 290

alkalosis, 86

pulmonary artery, 176ff,

hypertension, 114

nephrotic syndrome, 104

204, 214

urolithiasis, 120

pregnancy, 116

pulmonary circulation, 176

pylorus, 140, 148

serotonin, 294

pulmonary congestion,

pyramidal cells, 336, 352

pruritus, 52, 294

80, 214

pyramidal tract, 310, 316,

cholestasis, 168

pulmonary edema, 80f, 234

360

chronic renal failure, 110

cardiac valve defects,

pyrogens, 20, 266

heme synthesis, 254

194ff

pyrophosphate, 120, 132

phosphate, 130

circulatory shock, 232

pyruvate dehydrogen-

pseudoaneurysm, 238

heart failure, 226

ase, 316

pseudobulbar paralysis, 360

hyperoxia, 84

pyruvate kinase, 40

pseudocyanosis, 84

lung disease, 70ff

pseudocysts, 160

pericarditis, 228

Q

pseudofractures, 132

renal failure, 112

pseudogout, 252

salt balance, 122

pseudohermaphro-

pulmonary embolism,

Q wave, 184, 222

ditism, 278f

72, 230ff, 240

QRS complex, 178, 184ff, 222

pseudohypoaldosteronism

pulmonary fibrosis,

QT interval, 184, 188

98

70ff, 74f

quick test, 62

pseudohypoparathyroidism,

pulmonary hyper-

Quincke’s sign, 200

96, 128

tension, 214f

quinidine, 188

Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

circulatory shunts, 204

quinine, 64

162

heart failure, 224

pseudomyasthenic

obstructive lung

R

syndrome, 304

disease, 76

pseudo-obstruction, 156

valve defects, 194ff

PSP (pancreatic stone

pulmonary infarction,

R wave, electrocardio-

protein), 160

diffusion abnormal-

gram, 184ff

psychological disorders,

ities, 70, 214, 240

RA (receptor), 348

348ff

pulmonary valve

Rac, 12

addiction, 354

(defects), 178, 202ff

rachitic rosary, 132

constipation, 156

pulmonary vascular resis-

radiation, androgens, 272

coronary heart dis-

tance see pulmonary

edema, 234

ease, 218

hypertension

female sex hormones, 274

hypertension, 208ff

pulse, 178, 206

gastritis, 142

peptic ulcer, 146

cerebral edema, 358

hemostasis, 64

vomiting, 140

circulatory shock, 230

hyperthermia, 22

pteroylmonoglutamate, 34

pulseless disease, 240

inflammation, 48

PTH, 92, 128f

pulsus paradoxus, 228

malabsorption, 154

acid base, 86ff

pupillary dilator, 326f

nephritis, 106

bone, 132

pupillary sphincter, 326f

pericarditis, 228

calcium, 128

pupils, 332

somatotropin, 262

chronic renal failure, 110ff

cerebral edema, 358

taste, 330

consciousness, 342

hyperthermia, 24

tumor cells, 14

female sex hormones, 276

pain, 320

vomiting, 140

magnesium, 126

purines, 106, 120, 250

radioactivity, 48

radiotherapy, 58, 228, 234

renal excretion, 94f

respiration, 66ff

Raf, tumor cells, 14

renal failure, 108ff

respiratory acidosis

RAGE (receptor for AGE), 348

calcium, 128

(see acidosis), 88ff

rales, 228

diabetes mellitus, 290

respiratory alkalosis

Ranvier, 302

edemas, 234

(see alkalosis), 86f, 90f

rapamycin, 45

glycogen storage diseases,

respiratory arrest,

raphe nuclei, 320, 340, 348

244

82, 126, 230

Ras, 12ff

hemolytic anemias, 40

respiratory chain, 84, 254

Raynaud’s disease, 240

hypertension, 210

respiratory failure, 82, 126,

RB (retinoblastoma

magnesium, 126

230, 342

protein), 14

phosphate, 130

respiratory muscles, 68, 244

RBC (red blood cells), 30ff

potassium, 124

respiratory neurons,

rebound phenomenon, 316

prolactin, 260

66, 82f, 86ff

receptive relaxation,

pulmonary edema, 80

resting metabolic rate, 24

136, 156

renal hypertension, 114ff,

restlessness, 348

receptor defects, 6, 272, 280

210, 266

restrictive lung disease,

rectum, 134

renal insufficiency

66, 74f

red blood cells see erythro-

see renal failure

retarded growth, 132, 262,

cytes

renal medulla, 100, 106

272ff

red nucleus, 310, 316

renal plasma flow, see renal

reticular dysgenesis, 58

reddening, 48

blood flow

reticular formation,

reductase deficiency,

renal stones, see urolithiasis

310, 316, 342

272, 278

renal threshold, 94

reticulocytes, 30ff

reentry, excitation in the

renal transport, 96ff

reticuloendothelial systems,

Heart, 180, 190, 226

renal tubular acidosis,

30, 44

reflexes (see as well neuro-

96ff, 132

reticulospinal tract, 310

muscular excitability), 310

renal vein thrombosis, 102

retina, 290, 324f

cerebellum, 316

renin/angiotensin, 92, 122f

retinal detachment, 324

diabetes mellitus, 290

adrenocortical hormones,

retinitis pigmentosa, 324

pain, 320

266, 270

retinoblastoma protein, 14

reflux, cardiac valves, 196ff

autonomic nervous

retrolental fibroplasia, 84

esophagus, 4, 136ff

system, 332

rev (viral protein), 58

gastritis, 142

Bartter’s syndrome, 98

reverse transcriptase, 58

pancreatitis, 158

circulatory shock, 232

rheumatic valve defects,

refraction, 322

edemas, 234

194ff

refractory period, 188ff

eicosanoids, 296

rheumatic endocarditis,

regurgitation, see reflux

glomerular function, 102ff

194ff

Reiter’s syndrome, 200

heart failure, 226

rheumatic fever, 194ff, 314

rejection reaction, nephritis,

hepatorenal syndrome, 118

rheumatoid arthritis, 56, 240

54, 106

hypertension, 114, 210

rhinitis, 294

Rel, 14

pregnancy, 116

rhodanate, 280

relaxation, 178, 226

renal failure, 108, 110

rickets, 132, 154

release inhibiting hormones,

repair, 50f, 268

right axis deviation, 184

6, 260, 262, 286

RES (reticulo endothelial

right heart, see heart

releasing hormones, 6, 258ff

system), 30, 44

right heart failure,

REM (rapid eye movement)

reserpine, 340, 350

see heart failure

see sleep

residual capacity, 78

right heart valve defects,

renal anemia (see anemia),

residual volume, heart, 178

202f

30

lung, 66ff

rigor, 312

renal artery stenosis,

resistance (see TPR), aortic

risk factors athero-

114, 210

stenosis, 198

sclerosis, 236, 247

renal blood flow,

circulatory shunts, 204

Riva-Rocci method, 206

102, 116ff, 282

resistant ovary

rod monochromasia, 324

renal colic, 120

syndrome, 274

rods, 324

ROMK (K+ channel), 98

EEG, 336

hemostasis, 64

rotor syndrome, 168

olfaction, 330

icterus, 168

roundworms, 156

Schlemm’s canal, 322

tissue repair, 51

Roux, 148

Schoenlein-Henoch-disease,

septum (defect), 204, 222

RPF (renal plasma flow),

64

serine/threonine kinases, 14

see renal blood flow

Schwann cells, 290, 300ff

serinelastase, 78

RPGN (rapid progressive

SCID (severe combined

serotonin, 294f

glomerulonephritis),

immunodeficiency

addiction, 354

see glomerulonephritis)

disease), 58

Alzheimer’s disease, 348

rubrospinal tract, 310, 316

sclera, 168

coronary heart dis-

Ruffini bodies, 318

scleroderma, 138, 156, 240

ease, 220

ryanodine receptor,

SCN (suprachiasmal

depression, 350

22, 182, 226

nucleus), 334, 340

eicosanoids, 296

scratches, 48

female sex hormones, 274

S

scrotum, 272

liver failure, 174

scurvy, 64

pain, 320

sebaceous secretion,

schizophrenia, 352

S phase, 2

272, 284

signal transmission, 6f

S wave, 184

secondary response, 42

sleep disorders, 340

S1/S2 receptor, 6f

secretin, cystic fibrosis, 162

vomiting, 140

SAA (serum amyloid A), 50

esophagus, 136

Sertoli cells, androgen,

salicylate poisoning, 86

gastrectomy, 148

272, 278

saliva, autonomic nervous

insulin release, 292

serum glutamate-oxalate

system, 332

peptic ulcer, 144

transaminase, 222

cell growth, 2

signal transmission, 6

serum sickness, 54

esophagus, 138

secretion, bradykinin, 294

severe combined immuno-

Parkinson’s disease, 312

gastrointestinal, 134ff

deficiency diseases, 58

peptic ulcer, 144

hormonal, 256ff

sex determining region, 278

somatotropin, 262

renal tubular, 96ff

sex hormones (see estrogens,

salmonella, 154

seizures (see as well convul-

progesterone and testos-

salt balance, 122f

sions), calcium, 128

terone)

saltatory conduction, 302

chronic renal failure, 110

sexual arousal, 260

salt-loosing nephropathy,

epilepsy, 338

sexual differentiation,

98, 108

fever, 20

272, 278

salt balance, 122

hyperoxia, 84

sexual maturation, 276, 278f

phosphate, 130

hypoglycemia, 292

SGOT, see aspartate amino-

magnesium, 126

porphyrias, 254

transferase, 222

salt-sensitive, 108, 114

selectins, 48

shift work, 340

sarcoplasmic reticulum,

sella turcica, 262

shivering, 20

22, 182

semicircular canals, 330

shock see circulatory

satiety center, 26

semilunar valves, 178ff

shock, 230ff

saturated fats, 247

seminal vesicle, 272, 332

shock index, 230

scala vestibuli, 328

seminiferous tubules, 272

short-chain fatty acids, 174

scar, cell growth, 4

senile plaques, 348

shunting, 222

heart, 190, 222ff

sensation, see sensory system

shunts, circulatory, 202ff,

hydrocephalus, 356

sensitization, immune, 42ff

224, 240

pericarditis, 228

memory, 346

sickle cell anemia, 36, 40,

tissue repair, 50

sensory deficits, stroke, 360

106

scavenger receptors, 238,

diabetes mellitus, 290

sideroblastic anemia, 252ff

247, 348

multiple sclerosis, 302

siderosis, 252

SCF (stem cell factor), 28

sensory system, 318ff

SIDS (sudden infant death

schistosomiasis, 170

sepsis, adrenocortical

syndrome), 340

schizophrenia, 352f

hormones, 266

Siggaard-Andersen nomo-

consciousness, 342

circulatory shock, 230

gram, 90

signal transmission, 6

eicosanoids, 296

sensory system, 318

SIH see somatostatin

esophagus, 136

spinal muscular atrophy,

silicon crystals, 48

histamine, 294

motor unit, 306

singultus, 360

snake poisons, 40, 45, 64

spinal shock, 310, 332

sinus node, 178ff, 186ff

SO 2–, 86

spinocerebellar tracts,

4

sinuses, 356

social context, 354

Cerebellum, 316ff

sinusoidal, 170

sodium, see Na+

spinothalamic tract, 360

skeletal muscles, see muscle

solitarius, 330

spiny dendrites, 352

skeletal pain, 132

somatocrinin, 262

spleen, 28ff

skeleton see bone

somatoliberins, 262

anemias, 36ff

skills, 346

somatomedins, 262

hemostasis, 62

skin, allergies, 54

somatosensory cortex,

lipidoses, 244

androgens, 272

318, 320

pancreatitis, 158

cell growth, 2

somatostatin, 6, 262

splenectomy, 40

chronic renal failure, 112

diabetes mellitus, 286

splenomegaly, 170, 174

circulation, 176

esophagus, 136

split brain, 342f

hyperthermia, 22

peptic ulcer, 144

spondylitis, 56

hypothyroidism, 284

thyroid hormones, 280

squinting, 358ff

lipoproteins, 247

somatotropin, 262f

SRSA (slow reacting sub-

phosphate, 130

Addison’s disease, 270

stance of anaphylaxis),

porphyrias, 254

Alzheimer’s disease, 348

48, 76

somatotropin, 262

autonomic nervous

serum amyloid A, 50

sleep, 340f

system, 332

SRY (sex determining region

breathing regulation, 82

hypothalamus, 334

of y), 278

cardiac rhythm, 186

insulin, 286, 290ff

β-receptors, see epinephrine

EEG, 336

kidney, 92

ST segment, 184f

esophagus, 138

signal transmission, 6

coronary heart disease,

prolactin, 260

somnambulism, 340

220ff

sleep apnea, 82, 340

somnolence, 340

pericarditis, 228

sleep disorders, 340f

soporific drugs, 82

potassium, 124

sleep factors, 340

sorbitol, 150, 290, 322ff

stabs, 48

sleep pressure, 340

SOS, 14

Staphylococcus, 162

sleep-inducing peptides, 340

sound stress, 328

StAR (steroidogenic acute

sleeping drugs, 336

SP (substance P), 320

regulatory protein), 264

sleepwalking, 340

spasm, 156, 218ff, 236

Stargardt’s disease, 324

slit membrane, 104

spasticity, 306, 310, 360

Starling’s law, 234

slow reacting substance of

spatial orientation, 326

starvation, 26f

anaphylaxis, 48, 76

spatial perception, 360

cholelithiasis, 164

slow wave sleep, 340

spectrin, 40

edema, 234

sludge, 108

speech, 316, 344f, 360

hypoglycemia, 292

sludge phenomenon, 232

spermatogenesis, 2, 272, 278

hypothalamus, 334

small-cell bronchial carcino-

spherocyte anemia, 40

magnesium, 126

ma, 260, 266, 304

sphincter, 136, 156

phosphate, 130

smoking, athero-

sphingomyelin, 7, 244

potassium, 124

sclerosis, 236

sphingomyelinase, 7, 12, 244

statins, 6, 260, 262, 286

cell growth, 4

sphygmomanometer, 206

statoliths, 330

emphysema, 78

spices, 138

stearate, 164

esophagus, 138

spike activity, 336

steel factor, 28

peptic ulcer, 146

spike-wave, 336

stem cell factor, 28

tissue repair, 51

spinal cord, circulatory

stem cells, 2, 28, 32, 40

vasculitis, 240

shock, 230

stenosis, 156, 160, 194ff

smooth muscle cells,

depression, 350

stents, 220

atherosclerosis, 238

motor system, 310

stedtorrhea, 154

cell growth, 2

pain, 320

stereocilia, 328