книги студ / Color Atlas of Pathophysiology (S Silbernagl et al, Thieme 2000)

GM-CFS, see granulocyte-

growth factor, 7, 14f

hair follicle receptors, 318

macrophagecolony

Alzheimer’s disease, 348

half-life, thyroid

stimulating factor

blood, 28

hormones, 282

GMP, 250

Parkinson’s disease, 314

hallucinations, 254, 352f

GnRH, see gonadotropin

growth hormone,

haloperidol, 352

releasing hormone

see somatotropin

halothane, 22, 168

goblet cells, 144

growth plate, 132

Hamman-Rich syndrome, 74

goitre, 76, 280ff

growth-inhibiting factors, 14

haptens, 28, 48, 52ff

Goldberger, 184

GRP (gastrin releasing

haptoglobin, 30, 38ff, 290

Goldblatt kidney, 114

peptide), 144

Hartnup disease, 96, 154

Golgi apparatus, 158

Gsell-Erdheim syn-

hay fever, 52

Golgi tendon organs,

drome, 238

HbA1c/HbF/HbS,

310, 318

GSH/GssG, see glutathion

see hemoglobin

gonadal Anlagen, 278

GTPase, 6

HCl, see H

gonadoliberin, see gonado-

GTPase-activating

HCO3– 86ff

tropin releasing hormone

protein, 14

breathing regulation, 82

gonadotropins,

guanidinosuccinic acid, 110

Ca2+ balance, 128

Androgens, 272

guanine, 250

cholelithiasis, 164

female sex hormones, 274

guanylyl-cyclase, 6, 216

peptic ulcer, 144

hypothalamus, 334

gut, see intestine

pregnancy, 116

hypothyroidism, 284

renal failure, 108ff

obesity, 26

H

urinary concentration, 98ff

prolactin, 260

HDL (high density lipopro-

pseudohermaphro-

H+ (see as well acidosis,

teins), 236, 246f, 272, 276

ditism, 278

head nodding, 200

somatotropin, 262

alkalosis), 86ff

Head’s zone, 320

gonads, 278

Addison’s disease, 270

headache, 320f, 358

Goodpasture’s syn-

breathing regulation, 82

fever, 20

drome, 52, 56

coronary circulation, 216,

serotonin, 294

gout, 110, 242, 250f

220

hearing, 328f

gouty nephropathy, 120, 250

Cushing’s disease, 268

heart, 176ff

graft versus host

eicosanoids, 296

adrenocortical hormones,

reaction, 168

esophagus, 136ff

266 ff

Graham-Steell murmur, 202

gastrectomy, 148

circulatory shunts, 204

granulocyte-macrophage

histamine, 294

excitation in the heart, 180

colony stimulating

iron deficiency, 38

glycogen storage diseases,

factor, 54

nerve cells, 300

244

granulocytes, 2, 28ff

pain, 320

hypertension, 212

allergies, 54

peptic ulcer, 144ff

infarction see myocardial

cirrhosis, 172

renal transport, 96ff, 110

infarction

Cushing’s disease, 268

sensory system, 318

pericarditis, 228

megaloblastic anemia, 34

tissue repair, 50

somatotropin, 262

nephritis, 106

urolithiasis, 110

valve defects, 194ff

granulomatosis, 58, 168

vomiting, 140

vasculitis, 240

granulosa cells, 274

H+/K+-ATPase, 142ff

Wilson’s disease, 252

granzyme B, 45

H+-ATPase, 98, 158

Turner’s syndrome, 278

Graves’ diseases, 56, 280ff

H1/H2 receptors,

heart burn, esophagus, 138

GRB2 14

see histamine

heart failure, 224ff

growth, 262f

H2CO3, 86ff

circulatory shock, 230

androgens, 272

H2O2, 172

edemas, 234

Cushing’s disease, 268

habituation, 346

hemochromatoses, 252

female sex hormones, 276

haemorrhoids, 170

hydrocephalus, 356

hyperthyroidism, 282

hair, 26, 272

hyperthermia, 24

hypothalamus, 334

hair cells, 328

hypothyroidism, 284

jaundice, 168

hemolytic anaemia, 30, 40f

hiatus hernia, 138

kidney, 102

allergies, 52

high density lipopro-

lung disease, 74ff

autoimmune diseases, 56

teins, 236, 246f, 272, 276

phosphate, 130

cholelithiasis, 164

high molecular kinogen, 60

pulmonary edema, 80

Wilson’s disease, 252

high pressure system, 176

pulmonary hyper-

hemopexin, 38

hippocampus, 18, 346ff

tension, 214

hemophilia, 62

Hirschsprung’s disease,

valve defects, 194ff

Hemophilus pertussis, 6

140, 156

heart rate, see tachycardia

hemoproteins, 254

His bundle, 180, 186

and bradycardia

hemoptysis, 194

histamine, 294f

heart sound, 178ff

hemorrhage, 60ff

adrenocortical hormones,

coronary heart

aneurysm, 238

266 ff

disease, 220

circulatory shock, 230

autonomic nervous

valve defects, 202

diabetic retinopathy, 324

system, 332

heart-lung machine, 24

female sex hormones, 274

breathing regulation, 82

heat, 22, 48, 82, 122

hypertension, 212

circulatory shock, 230

heat cramps, 22

inflammation, 50

coronary circulation, 216

heat exhaustion, 22

pancreatitis, 160

edemas, 234

heat intolerance, 282

pericarditis, 228

eicosanoids, 296

heat loss, 20

somatotropin, 262

esophagus, 136

heat receptors, 318

tumors, 16

inflammation, 48

heat stroke, 22, 316

hemosiderin, iron

pain, 320

heavy metals, 108, 342

deficiency, 38, 252

pancreatitis, 158

heavy work, 292

hemostasis, 60ff

peptic ulcer, 144ff

helicase, 18

Henry-Gauer reflex, 232

signal transmission, 6, 7

Helicobacter pylori, 142, 146

heparin, 62, 220

HIV (human immune defi-

helper T cells, 45

hepatic artery, 170

ciency virus) see as well

hematocrit, 28f, 208,

hepatic encephalopathy, 118,

AIDS, 12, 16, 58

214, 272

174ff, 342

HLA (human leucocyte

hematoma, 156, 168

hepatic growth factor, 4

antigen), 44

hematuria, 104

hepatic lipase, 246

autoimmune diseases, 56

heme synthesis, 36, 254f

hepatitis, 170ff, 252

diabetes mellitus, 286

hemianesthesia, 360

hepatolenticular degenera-

multiple sclerosis, 302

hemianopsia, 262, 326, 360

tion, 252

3-HMG-CoA (hydroxy-

hemiataxia, 360

hepatomegaly, 228, 244

methylglutaryl-CoA)

hemiballism, 314

hepatorenal syndrome,

reductase, lipoprotein,

hemicholine, 304

118f, 174

246

Hemineglect, 318, 326, 360

hereditary, see genetic

HMK (high molecular

hemiparesis, 360

defects

kininogen), 60

hemiplegia, 360

HERG (human ether a gogo)

H2O2 see oxidants

hemochromatosis, 36f,

channel, 188

homocysteine, 242

172ff, 252f

hermaphroditism, 278f

homocystinuria, 242

hemodialysis, 24, 252

herniation, 156, 358

homogentisic acid

hemoglobin, 30, 36

herpes, 58, 142

dioxygenase, 242

acute renal failure, 108

Hers, 244

horizontal cells, 324

diabetes mellitus, 290

hexokinase, 40

hormone receptors,

hypoxia, 84

hexosaminidase, 316

6f, 54, 256

ventilation, 68

HGF (hepatic growth factor),

hormones, 256ff

hemoglobinuria, 40

4

Horner’s syndrome, 332, 360

hemolysis, 30ff, 40f

HGH (human growth hor-

horsebeans, 40

icterus, 168

mone), see somatotropin

HPO42–, see phosphate

phosphate, 130

HGPRT (hypoxanthine gua-

5-HT2A (hydroxytryptamin)

potassium, 124

nine phosphoribosyltrans-

see serotonin

renal failure, 108ff

ferase, 250

Huijing, 244

human growth hormone,

distribution abnormal-

hyperlipidemia, 247f

see somatotropin

ities, 72

atherosclerosis, 236

human immunodeficiency

heart failure, 226

Cushing’s disease, 268

virus, 12, 16, 58

hypothyroidism, 284

hypothyroidism, 284

human leucocyte antigen,

hypercholesterolemia,

kidney, 104, 110

see HLA

see cholesterol

obesity, 26

hunger, see starvation

hyperchromic, 30

hyperlipoproteinemia,

huntington, 314

hyperemesis

see hyperlipidemia

Huntington’s chorea, 314

gravidarum, 140

hypermagnesemia, 126, 270

hyaline membranes, 84

hyperemia, 240

hypermotility, 138

hydraulic conductivity, 102

hyperesthesia, 318

hypernatremia, 122f, 358

hydrocephalus, 356f

hyperfibrinolysis, 64

hyperopia, 322

hydrochloric acid, see H+

hyperfiltration, 102

hyperosmia, 330

hydrogen peroxide,

hypergalactosemia, 244

hyperosmolality, 122f

see oxidants

hypergalactosuria, 244

antidiuretic hormone, 260

hydrostatic pressure,

hypergeusia, 330

blood-brain barrier, 356

102, 234

hyperglycemia, 258, 286ff

consciousness, 342

12α-hydroxylase, 164

acidosis, 90

diabetes mellitus, 288

hydroxymethylbilane, 254

gastrectomy, 148

hyperoxaluria, 120, 242

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl

hyperthermia, 24

hyperoxia, 82ff

[HMG]-CoA-cholesterol

pancreatitis, 158

hyperparathyroidism, 128ff

reductase, 164, 246f

prolactin, 260

acidosis, 88

17-hydroxyprogester-

somatotropin, 262

circulatory shock, 230

one, 264

tumors, 16

pancreatitis, 160

hydroxyproline, 132

hyperglycinemia, 242

renal failure, 112

11β-hydroxysteroid

hyperhomocysteinemia,

hyperphagia, 334

dehydrogenase,

236

hyperphosphatemia,

212, 266

hyperhydration, 122f, 260

96, 130f

hypacusis, 328f, 360

acute renal failure, 108

hyperplasia, 4f

hyperreflexia, 310

cerebral edema, 358

androgens, 272

hyperaldosteronism, 266f

pulmonary edema, 80

gastritis, 142

alkalosis, 86

tumors, 16

hyperinsulinism, 292

hypertension, 114, 210ff

hyper-IgM-syndrome, 58

portal hypertension, 170

liver failure, 174

hyperinsulinism, 292f

hyperpnea, 68

magnesium, 126

hyperkalemia, 124f

hyperprolactinemia, 284

portal hypertension, 170

acidosis, 88ff

hyperprolinemia, 242

potassium, 124

adrenocortical hormones,

hyperreflexia, 306 f

vomiting, 140

266ff

hyperthyroidism, 282

hyperalgesia, 320

cardiac rhythm, 190

magnesium balance, 126

hyperaminoacidemia, 258

hyperthermia, 22

potassium balance, 124

hyperammonemia, 174

kidney, 96, 106ff

hypersensitivity, 56

hyperbilirubinemia,

tumors, 16

hypersplenism, 244

168 ff, 356

hyperkalemic periodic

hypertension, 206ff

hypercalcemia, 128f

paralysis, 306

aneurysm, 238

hyperthyroidism, 282

hyperkeratosis, 284

atherosclerosis, 236

magnesium, 126

hyperkinesias, 312ff, 348,

cerebral edema, 358

renal transport, 98ff

356

Cushing’s disease, 268

tumors, 16

hyperkinetic heart

diabetes mellitus, 290

hypercalciuria, 98, 128f

syndrome, 212

heart, 178, 200, 216ff, 224

hyperthyroidism, 282

hyperleucinemia, 292

kidney, 102, 110, 114

somatotropin, 262

hyperlipidacidemia, diabetes

pregnancy, 116

urolithiasis, 120

mellitus, 288

somatotropin, 262

hypercapnia, 66, 88ff

hyperthyroidism, 282

stroke, 360

breathing regulation, 82

somatotropin, 262

hyperthermia, 22ff, 26, 306

hyperthyroidism, 280ff

hypocapnia, 66ff, 82, 86ff

consciousness, 342

acidosis, 88

diffusion abnormal-

vomiting, 140

cardiac rhythm, 186

ities, 70

hypoparathyroidism, 128ff

circulatory shock, 230

epilepsy, 338

alkalosis, 86

consciousness, 342

hypocholesterolemia, 247

circulatory shock, 230

pulmonary hyper-

hypochromic anemia, 30, 38

renal transport, 96ff

tension, 214

hypodipsia, 260

hypoperfusion brain, 90

taste, 330

hypogeusia, 330

hypophosphatasia, 132

tumors, 16

hypoglossal nerve, 360

hypophosphatemia, 130

hypertonic hyperhydration,

hypoglycemia, 258, 292f

hypoplasia, 4, 256

see hyperhydration

adrenocortical hor-

hypoproteinemia, ede-

hypertonic dehydration,

mones, 266, 270

ma, 80, 234f

see dehydration

alkalosis, 90

liver failure, 118, 170, 174

hypertriglyceridemia, 247

autonomic nervous

malabsorption, 154

hypertrophy, aortic

system, 332

nephrotic syndrome, 104

regurgitation, 200

cell death, 10

pancreatitis, 158

cell growth, 4f

chronic renal failure, 110

hyporeflexia, cerebel-

circulatory shunts, 204

circulatory shock, 230

lum, 316

coronary heart

consciousness, 342

hypothyroidism, 284

disease, 220

epilepsy, 338

magnesium, 126

heart failure, 224ff

fructose intolerance, 244

potassium, 124

hypertension, 208ff

gastrectomy, 148

hyposmia, 330

hypoxia, 84

glycogen storage diseases,

hypotension, 218, 270

hyperuricema, 16, 96, 120,

244

hypothalamus, 334f

250f

hypothyroidism, 284

Alzheimer’s disease, 348

hyperventilation,

potassium, 124

depression, 350

68ff, 82f

prolactin, 260

hormones, 258ff, 266,

alkalosis, 86

somatotropin, 262

272ff, 280

epilepsy, 338

tumors, 16

obesity, 26

hyperthyroidism, 282

hypogonadism, 260,

olfaction, 330

liver failure, 174

272ff, 278

sleep disorders, 340

progesterone, 276

hypokalemia, 124f

hypothermia, 48, 318

hypervitaminosis,

alkalosis, 86ff

antidiuretic hormone,

see vitamins

adrenocortical hormones,

260

hypervolemia, 122f

266

breathing regulation, 82

chronic renal failure, 112

cardiac rhythm, 188ff

consciousness, 342

Cushing’s disease, 268

diabetes mellitus, 288

somatotropin, 262

hypertension, 114, 210

diarrhea, 150

hypothyroidism, 284f

magnesium, 126

liver failure, 174

cardiac rhythm, 186ff

pregnancy, 116

magnesium, 126

cerebellum, 316

hypesthesia, 318, 360

nephritis, 104ff

circulatory shock, 230

hypnotics, 342, 354

renal transport, 96ff

prolactin, 260

hypoalbuminemia,

vomiting, 140

somatotropin, 262

see hypoproteinemia

hypokalemic periodic

thyroid hormones, 280

hypoaldosteronism, 270f

paralysis, 306

hypotonia, 316

acidosis, 88

hypokinesia, 312, 360

hypotonic dehydration,

collecting ducts, 98

hypolipoproteinemia, 247

see dehydration

potassium, 124

hypomagnesemia, 126f

hypotonic hyperhydration,

hypocalcemia, 128f

cardiac rhythm, 188

see hyperhydration

chronic renal failure,

Cushing’s disease, 268

hypoventilation, 68, 82ff, 90

112

epilepsy, 338

hypovolemia, 122f

epilepsy, 338

pancreatitis, 158

adrenocortical hormones,

pancreatitis, 158

hyponatremia, 122f

266, 270

renal excretion, 94

Addison’s disease, 270

alkalosis, 86, 96

autonomic nervous

ICAM (immune cell adhesion

IMP (inosine monophos-

system, 332

molecule), 44, 50

phate), 250

circulatory shock, 230

Icterus (see jaundice), 168f

impotence, 26, 260ff

constipation, 156

idiopathic pulmonary

imprinting, 346

cystic fibrosis, 162

fibrosis, 74

indoles, 110

diabetes mellitus, 288

IDL (intermediate density

indomethacin, 146

diarrhea, 150

lipoprotein), 246

infarction, aneurysm, 238

gastrectomy, 148

IF see intrinsic factor

cerebral see stroke

hepatorenal syndrome,

If (funny current), 180

heart, 184, 194, 218ff

118

IFN see interferons, 44

infection, Addison’s

histamine, 294

Ig (immunoglobulins),

disease, 270

nephritis, 106

42ff, 52ff

aneurysm, 238

vomiting, 140

IgA, 42ff, 58, 102, 134

atherosclerosis, 236

hypoxanthine (guanine

IgD, 42

autoimmune diseases, 56

phosphoribosyltrans-

IgE, 42ff, 48, 52, 294

cell death, 12

ferase), 250

IgG, 42ff, 50ff, 58,

cerebral edema, 358

hypoxemia, 66, 70ff, 84f

102, 280

cholestasis, 168

circulatory shock, 232

IgM, 42ff, 52ff, 58, 102

constipation, 156

coronary heart disease, 218

IGF (insulin-like growth

Cushing’s disease, 268

emphysema, 78

factor), 144, 262

diabetes mellitus,

pulmonary edema, 80

Ik, see K+ channels

286, 290

pulmonary hypertension,

IL (interleukins), 20, 28ff,

eicosanoids, 296

214

172, 268

fever, 20

restrictive lung disease, 74

IL-1, 4, 20, 48ff

hydrocephalus, 356

vasculitis, 240

IL-2, 45, 262

immune defects, 58

hypoxia, 82ff

IL-4, 45, 48, 52

iron deficiency, 38

acidosis, 88

IL-5, 45, 52

malabsorption, 154

anemia, 36

IL-6, 20, 28, 45, 50

peptic ulcer, 146

cell death, 10

IL-8, 20, 48

infertility, 272ff, 276ff

cerebral edema, 358

IL-11, 20, 28

autoimmune diseases, 56

circulatory shock, 230ff

IL-12, 28

cystic fibrosis, 162

consciousness, 342

ileum, see intestine

hypothalamus, 334

epilepsy, 338

ileus, 156

inflammation, 48ff

heart, 226, 188ff, 198,

circulatory shock, 230

Alzheimer’s disease, 348

216ff

cystic fibrosis, 162

androgens, 272

hypothyroidism, 284

salt balance, 122

antidiuretic hormone, 260

lung disease, 66, 70ff, 76

vomiting, 140

bradykinin, 294

nephritis, 106

iminoglycinuria, 96

cell death, 10

pancreatitis, 158

imipramine, 350

cirrhosis, 172ff

pulmonary hyper-

immobilization, 86, 106,

consciousness, 342

tension, 214

128ff

constipation, 156

sleep disorders, 340

immune complexes,

Cushing’s disease, 268

venous disease, 240

54, 102, 240

demyelination, 302

vomiting, 140

immune defects, 58f

edemas, 234

hypo-α-lipoproteinemia, 247

immune defense, 42ff, 262

epilepsy, 338

immune tolerance, 42, 45

female sex hormones, 274

I

immunity, 42

gout, 250

immunization, 42, 52, 134

histamine, 294

immunodeficiency, 12, 58f

hyperkinesias, 314

IAA (insulin autoantibodies),

Immunolobulins, see Ig

hypothalamus, 334

286

immunological ignorance,

kidney, 100ff, 104ff, 120

ICa, see Ca2+ channels

56

lung disease, 70, 74

ICA (islet cell antibodies),

immunosuppression,

memory, 346

286

142, 266ff

myocardial infarction, 222

olfaction, 330

cell growth, 4

cerebral edema, 358

pain, 320

fever, 20

consciousness, 342

pancreatitis, 160

interleukins, see IL

constipation, 156

Parkinson’s disease, 312

intermediate density

coronary circulation,

peptic ulcer, 146

lipoprotein, 246

196, 216ff

stroke

intermittent claudica-

deafness, 328

thyroid hormones, 280ff

tion, 238

descending motor

venous disease, 240

internal capsule, 310, 360

tracts, 310

infusions, 232

internodal segment, 302

diabetes mellitus, 290f,

inhibin, 272ff

interphase, 2

324

inner ear, 140, 328f

intersexuality, 278f

epilepsy, 338

innervation area, 298

interstitial lung fibrosis, 70

female sex hormones, 274

INOS (inducable NO

interstitial nephritis, 106

gastritis, 142

synthase), 118

intervertebral disks, somato-

heart failure, 224ff

inositol, Alzheimer’s disease,

tropin, 262

hyperkinesias, 314

348

intestine, 134ff

hypertension, 114, 210ff

cerebral edema, 358

Addison’s disease, 270

malabsorption, 154

diabetes mellitus, 290

autonomic nervous

memory, 346

hepatic encephalopathy,

system, 332

mitral regurgitation, 196

342

bradykinin, 294

pain, 320

inositol phosphates, 7, 48

cystic fibrosis, 162

pancreatitis, 158

inotropism, 90, 182, 226,

diarrhea, 150ff

pericarditis, 228

232, 332

eicosanoids, 296

sleep disorders, 340

insomnia, 282, 334, 340f

histamine, 294

stroke, 360

inspiration, 66f, 186

icterus, 168

taste, 330

insular cortex, 320, 330

lipoprotein, 246

vasculitis, 240

insulin, 258, 286ff

potassium, 124

vestibular system, 330

Addison’s disease, 270

serotonin, 294

IsK (slow K+ channel), 328

autonomic nervous

somatotropin, 262

islet cell, 286

system, 332

vomiting, 140

isoflurane, 22

bone, 132

intima, 238

isoniazid, 168

circulatory shock, 230

intracerebral pressure,

itching see puritus

Cushing’s disease, 268

90, 140, 358f

depression, 350

intralaminar nuclei, 340ff

J

eicosanoids, 296

intraocular pressure, 322

female sex hormones, 276

intrinsic factor,

gastrectomy, 148

34, 134, 142

Jacksonian epilepsy, 338

heart failure, 226

iridocorneal angle, 322

jaundice (see as well liver

hemochromatoses, 252

iris, 322

cirrhosis), 160ff, 168f

kidney, 92, 112

iron, 30, 36ff

jejunum, see intestine

magnesium, 126

fever, 20

Jekyll-Hyde, 196

pancreatitis, 158

gastrectomy, 148

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen

phosphate, 130

hemochromatosis, 252

syndrome, 328

potassium, 124

hypothyroidism, 284

jet lag, 340

signal transmission, 7

malabsorption, 152ff

joint-muscle pump, 240

insulin release, 292f

IRP1 (iron regulated

joints, aging, 18

insulin resistance, 286

protein), 38

allergies, 54

insulin-like growth factor,

irritable colon, 156

chronic renal failure, 112

144, 262

ischemia, acute renal

fever, 20

integrins, 4, 50, 58

failure, 108

gout, 250

intention tremor, 316

anemia, 40

phosphate, 130

intercellular connections,

aneurysm, 238

sensory system, 318

see gap junctions

atherosclerosis, 238

J-receptors, 226

interferons, 44, 54

cell death, 10ff

Jun (kinase), 7, 14

juvenile diabetes (see dia-

hormones, 92, 256, 260ff,

larynx, 272

betes mellitus), 286ff

276, 282ff

lateral geniculate body, 326

juxtaglomerulat

hyperoxia, 84

LATS (long acting thyroid

apparatus, 114

hypertension, 114f, 210ff

stimulator), 280

hyperthermia, 24

laxatives, diarrhea, 150, 154

K

liver failure, 174

lazy leukocyte syndrome, 58

pancreatitis, 158

LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol-

K+, 124f

pregnancy, 116

acyltransferase),

Turner’s syndrome, 278

118, 246f

acid-base, 86f, 90

urolithiasis, 120

LDH1 (lactate dehydrogen-

ADH, 260

vasculitis, 240

ase), myocardial infarc-

adrenocortical hormones,

Wilson’s disease, 252

tion, 222

266ff

killer T cells, 42, 45, 54

LDL (low density lipopro-

bone, 132

Kimmelstiel-Wilson, 290

tein), 246ff

brain, 336ff, 342, 356, 360

kinase cascades, 7

atherosclerosis, 236ff

cardiac rhythm, 188

kinesia, 140

female sex hormones, 276

cell death, 10

kininogen, 60, 118

thyroid hormones, 282ff

diarrhea, 150

kinins, see bradykinin

LDL receptor, 236, 246ff

hypertension, 210

Klinefelter’s syndrome, 278

L-dopa Parkinson’s disease,

insulin, 288

Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 346

312, 352

kidney, 96ff, 110

knock-knees, 132

lead, 254, 306, 330, 358

pain, 320

Korotkoff, 206

lecithin, 164

vomiting, 140

Korsakoff’s syndrome, 346

lecithin-cholesterol acyl-

K+ channels, 124f

Krogh’s diffusion coefficient,

transferase, 118, 246f

alkalosis, 90

70

left axis deviation, 184

calcium, 128

Kupffer cells, 20, 44, 134, 172

left hemisphere, 344

cell death, 12

Kussmaul breathing, 82, 288

leg ulcers, 240

epilepsy, 338

Kussmaul sign, 228

leishmaniasis, 54

hearing, 328

KV LOT1 , 188, 328

lens, 290, 322f

heart, 180ff

lepra, 54

insulin release, 292

L

leptin, 26

magnesium, 126

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome,

pregnancy, 116

250

renal transport, 96ff

labyrinth, 330

lethargy, 348

K+ deficiency, see K+

lactacidemia, see lactate

leukemia, 14ff

kaliuresis, 98

lactase, 152

gout, 250

kallidin, 158

lactate, acidosis, 88

hemostasis, 64

kallikrein(ogen),

alkalosis, 86

nephritis, 106

see bradykinin

cell death, 10

portal hypertension, 170

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 58

coronary circulation, 216,

leukocyte adhesion

Kayser-Fleischer ring, 252

220ff

defect, 58

keloid, 51

female sex hormones, 276

leukocytes, 28, 44, 48ff

Kernicterus, 168, 356f

hypoxia, 84

leukocytes, autonomic

ketoacidosis, 110, 268, 286ff

kidney, 92

nervous system, 332

ketone bodies, 110, 268,

tissue repair, 50

cholelithiasis, 166

286ff

lactate dehydrogenase, 222

chronic renal failure, 110

α-ketoglutarate, 342

lactose, 244

CSF, 356

kidney, 92ff

LAD (leukocyte adhesion

pericarditis, 228

alkalosis, 86, 90

defect), 58

peptic ulcer, 146

cell growth, 2ff

Lambert, 304

leukopenia, 58

cholestasis, 168

lamina terminalis, 20

leukotrienes, 296f

circulation, 176

laminin, 4, 172

Cushing’s disease, 268

circulatory shock, 108, 232

Langerhans cells, 44, 54

hepatorenal syndrome,

heart failure, 226

Laplace’s law, 196, 218ff, 224

118

inflammation, 48ff

cystic fibrosis, 162

lumican, 172

obstructive lung disease,

emphysema, 78

lung, 66ff

76

folate, 34

antidiuretic hormone, 260

pain, 320

glycogen storage diseases,

circulation, 176, 202

signal transmission, 7

244

cystic fibrosis, 162

levator palpebrae, 332

heme synthesis, 254

heart failure, 226

Lewis reaction, 24

hemochromatosis, 252

lipidoses, 244

Leydig cells, 272, 278

hemostasis, 62

myasthenia gravis, 304

LFA1 (leukocyte function

hepatorenal syndrome,

pulmonary hyper-

associated antigen), 44

118

tension, 214

LH (luteinizing hormone),

insulin, 256, 288

Luschkae, 356

6, 260, 272ff

iron, 38, 50

luteinizing hormone, see LH

Lhermitte’s sign, 318

lipidoses, 244ff

Lutembacher’s syndrome,

liberines, 6, 258

malabsorption, 154

194

libido, 26, 260ff, 270ff

myopathy, 308

lutropin, see LH

Liddle’s syndrome, 98, 114

salt balance, 122

lymph nodes, 28, 44, 134

light, 322ff, 350

somatotropin, 262

lymphadenitis, 54

limbic system, 334f,

thyroid hormones, 282ff

lymphangiectasia, 154

348ff, 360

vasculitis, 240

lymphatic flow, edemas, 234

lipases, 126, 134, 152f, 158f,

Wilson’s disease, 252

lipoproteins, 246

lipid peroxidation, 172, 252

liver cirrhosis, 172f

liver failure, 170, 174

lipidoses, 242ff

alkalosis, 86

malabsorption, 154

lipocortin, 268, 296

cholelithiasis, 164

pulmonary edema, 80

lipogenesis, 288

circulatory shock, 230

lymphatic precursor cells, 42

lipolysis, 246ff

glycogen storage diseases,

lymphocyte function-asso-

Addison’s disease, 270

244

ciated antigen 1, 44

autonomic nervous

hemochromatosis, 252

lymphocytes, 28ff, 42, 45,

system, 332

hemostasis, 62

48, 56

Cushing’s disease, 268

hypoglycemia, 292

Addison’s disease, 270

eicosanoids, 296

insulin, 258

atherosclerosis, 236

inflammation, 50

pulmonary edema, 80

cirrhosis, 172

insulin, 288

tissue repair, 51

CSF, 356

somatotropin, 262

liver failure (see as well liver

Cushing’s disease, 268

thyroid hormones, 282ff

cirrhosis), 147ff,

diabetes mellitus,

lipoprotein lipase,

258ff, 266

286, 290

104, 246f, 288f

local anesthethics, 320

gastritis, 142

lipoproteins, 246ff

locus ceruleus,

lymphoid, 28

atherosclerosis, 236ff

312, 340, 348ff

lymphokines, see cytokines

gastritis, 142

lodine, 280

lymphoma, 58, 154

hepatorenal syndrome,

logorrhea, 344

lymphopoiesis, 28

118

long QT syndrome, 188

lymphotoxin, 20

insulin, 288

long-acting thyroid

lysergic acid diethylamide

nephrotic syndrome, 104

stimulator, 280

(LSD), 350

lipostatic mechanism, 26

loop diuretics, 100, 126, 328

lysine, 86ff, 96

lipoxygenase, 7, 296

loop of Henle, 96ff, 126

lysis, 42, 50

liquorice, 212

Looser’s zones, 132

lysolecithin, 166

listeria, 54, 58

lordosis, 306

lysosomes, eicosanoids, 296

lithium, 7, 316, 350

lovastatin, 247

inflammation, 44, 50

lithostatine, 160

low density lipoproteins,

lipidoses, 244

liver, 134, 164ff

see LDL

nephrotic syndrome, 104

blood, 28ff

low pressure system, 176

pancreatitis, 158

cell growth, 2

LSD (lysergic acid diethyl-

lysozymes, 42ff, 134

copper, 252

amide), 350

Cushing’s disease, 268

L-selectin, 45

M

manic-depressive illness,

megakaryocytes, 34

336, 350

megaloblastic anemia,

M cells, 134

mannitol, 100, 356

30, 34

M1/M2 receptors,

mannose-binding protein,

megaloblasts, 34

see muscarinic receptors

44, 56ff

megalocytes, 34

macroangiopathy, 290

MAO (monoamine oxidase),

meiosis, 2

macrocytic, 30

312

Meissner bodies, 318

α2-macroglobulin, 60

MAP kinase (mitogen

melanin, 242, 252

diabetes mellitus, 290

activated protein kinase),

melanocortin obesity, 26

macrophage-inflammatory

7, 12, 14

melanocyte-stimulating

protein, 20

maple syrup disease, 242

hormone, 20, 26

macrophages, 30ff, 42ff,

Marfan’s syndrome, 196,

melanoma, 22

50, 54

200, 238

melanotropin, 270

atherosclerosis, 236ff

margination, 50, 58

melatonin, 350

cell death, 12

Mariotte’s blind spot, 322

membrane attack complex,

cirrhosis, 172

masculinization, 268, 272

44, 50

fever, 20

mast cells, 48, 144ff, 272

membrane capacitance,

gastrointestinal tract, 134

Masugi’s nephritis, 102

302

iron deficiency, 38

matrix, 172

membrane resistance, 302

lipoproteins, 247

maturity-onset-diabetes

membranous cells, 134

nerve cells, 300

(of the young), 286

memory, 346f

peptic ulcer, 146

maximal breathing capacity,

aging, 18

somatotropin, 262

18, 74ff

Alzheimer’s disease, 348

macropsia, 326

maximal diastolic

hypothalamus, 334

macula densa, 108, 116

potential, 180

hypothyroidism, 284

maculae, 330

maximal O2 uptake, 18, 74ff

liver failure, 174

macular degeneration, 324

maximum expiratory flow

stroke, 360

Magendi, 356

rate, 78

memory cells, 42

magnesium, see Mg2+

MBP (mannose binding

Ménière’s disease,

magnesuria, 126

protein), 44, 56ff

140, 328, 330

major histocompatibility

McArdle, 244

meningitis, 22, 342, 356

complex, 44

MCH (mean corpuscular

meningococci, 64

malabsorption, 150ff

hemoglobin), 30, 36ff

menstruation, 38, 274ff

cerebellum, 316

MCP-1 (monocyte chemo-

mesangial cells, 102

cholestasis, 168

tactic protein), 172

mesencephalon, 360

cystic fibrosis, 162

MCR-4 receptor, 26

mesocortical system, 352ff

folate, 34

MCV (mean corpuscular

mesolimbic system, 352ff

hemostasis, 64

volume), 30, 36

metabolic acidosis,

iron, 38

MDM (middiastolic

see acidosis

magnesium, 126

murmur), 194

metabolic alkalosis,

pancreatitis, 160

MDP (maximal diastolic

see alkalosis

phosphate, 130

potential), 180ff

metabolism, 242f

portal hypertension, 170

mean corpuscular hemo-

metalloelastase, 78

malaria, 36, 54

globin, 30, 38

metalloproteases, 172

maldigestion, 152ff

mean corpuscular volume,

metamorphopsia, 326

malignant hyperthermia,

30, 36

metaphase, 2

22, 306

measles, 42

metaplasia, 4

Mallory-Weiss syn-

meconium, 162

esophagus, 138

drome, 140

media, 238

gastritis, 142, 146

malnutrition, 26f, 38,

medial cerebral artery, 344

metastable range, 120

140, 274

mediastinum, 74

metastasis, 16, 128

mammary gland,

medulla oblongata,

methionine, 86ff, 242

260, 276

140, 318, 360

methotrexate, 34, 154

manganese, 38, 312

megacolon, 156

methylcobalamine, 34

methylenetetrahydrofolate

MIP1 (macrophage inflam-

MPS (mononuclear phago-

reductase, 236

matory protein), fever, 20

cytic system), 30, 44

methylguanidine, 110

mitochondria, acidosis, 90

MPTP (methyl-phenyl-tetra-

1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-

cell death, 10f

hydropyridine), 312

tetrahydropyridine, 312

diabetes mellitus, 286

α–MSH, 20, 26

methyltetrahydrofolate, 34

heme synthesis, 254

MSH (melanocyte stimulat-

methyltyrosine, 350

mitosis, 2

ing hormone), 270

Mg2+, 126f

mitral opening snap, 194

MTFR (methylenetetrahydro-

adrenal hormones, 268ff

mitral regurgitation,

folatereductase), 236

bone, 132

196f, 200, 220

mucin, 134, 284

breathing regulation, 82

mitral stenosis, 194f

mucopolysaccharides, 284

calcium, 128

circulatory shock, 230

mucous bursae, 130

diarrhea, 150ff

heart failure, 224

mucoviscidosis,

insulin, 288

pulmonary edema, 80

see cystic fibrosis

nerve cells, 300, 304,

pulmonary hyper-

mucus, obstructive lung

338, 342

tension, 214

disease, 76, 144, 268

pancreatitis, 158

thromboembolism, 240

Müller ducts, 276

renal transport, 98

mitral valve prolapse, 196

Müller inhibiting factor, 278

MHC (major histocompatibil-

Mn2+, 38, 312

multiorgan failure,

ity complex), 44f, 304

moclobemide, 350

142, 146, 232

MIC (monocyte inflamma-

MODY (maturity onset

multiple myeloma, 102

tory chemokine), 54

diabetes of the

multiple sclerosis, 56, 302f

microangiopathy, 290

young), 286

cell death, 12

microcytic anemia, 30, 36

molecular mimicry, 56

cerebellum, 316

microglia, 44, 348

monoamine oxidase, 312,

constipation, 156

micrographia, 312

350ff

murmurs cardiac, 194ff

microgravity, 132

monocyte chemotactic

muscarinic receptors,

microorganisms (see

protein, 172

6f, 144, 146, 182

bacteria, viral infection)

monocyte-colony-stimulat-

muscle, 306ff

micropsia, 326

ing factor, 14

androgens, 272

microtophi, 250

monocytes, 28, 42ff, 48ff

cerebellum, 316

micturition, 332

allergies, 54

circulation, 176

mid-diastolic murmur, 194

atherosclerosis, 236ff

insulin, 288

middle cerebral artery,

cirrhosis, 172

lipoproteins, 246

310, 360

Cushing’s disease, 268

somatotropin, 262

middle ear, 328

monoglycerides, 134

thyroid hormones, 282

middle molecules, 110

mononuclear phagocytotic

muscle cramps,

midsystolic click, 196

system, 30, 44

see convulsions

MIF (monocyte inflammatory

monosaccharides, 134

muscle spasms,

factor), 54

monosynaptic reflex, 310

see convulsions

MIF (Müller inhibiting

moon faces, 268

muscle spindles, 310, 318

factor), 278

MORF4, 18

muscle tremor, 24, 312, 316

migraine, see headache

morphine, see opiates

muscle wasting,

migration, 58, 144, 352

Mos, 14

see muscle weakness

milk-alkali-syndrome, 128

motilin, 136

muscle weakness, 304ff

milk intolerance, 154

motion sickness, 140

aging 18

mimicry, 320

motivation, 352

bone, 132

mineral metabolism, 56,

α-motoneuron, 306ff, 310

Cushing’s disease, 268ff

110ff, 128ff

motor cortex, 310

diabetes mellitus, 288

mineralization, 128ff

aphasias, 344

hyperthermia, 22

mineralocorticoids,

basal ganglia, 312

hyperthyroidism, 282

see aldosterone

cerebellum, 316

malabsorption, 154ff

minK+, 188

motor tracts, 310f

phosphate, 130

miosis, 332, 360

motor unit, 306f

stroke, 360