14. Прошедшее завершенное время. Косвенная речь (past perfect tense. Reported speech)

14.1. Прошедшее завершенное время (Past Perfect) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола had и основного глагола в форме причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II). В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

Утвердительная форма +	I You We They had visited / seen by 5 o’clock yesterday. He She It
Вопросительная формa ?	I you we they Had she visited / seen by 5 o’clock yesterday? he it
Отрицательная форма -	I You We They had not visited / seen by 5 o’clock yesterday. He She It

Past Perfect (прошедшее завершенное) употребляется:

1. Для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Этот момент может быть указан обстоятельством времени: by 5 o’clock к 5 часам, by that time к тому времени, by the end of the year к концу года и др., а также перед союзом before и после союза after.

e.g. She had left by the 1^st of June. After she had cried, she felt easier. He was nervous because he had never flown before.

2. Для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже завершилось до другого, более позднего прошедшего действия, выраженного глаголом в Past Simple.

e.g. When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

Примечание. Глаголы движения и чувственного восприятия обычно не употребляются в Past Perfect.

e.g. When he heard the song, he recognized it at once.

When he came home, he found his mother in an evening dress.

Exercise 1. Составьте предложения, сопоставив А и В.

А	В
1. The ground was wet 2. We found a cat which had been abandoned 3. They took him to court 4. There was a long line of traffic 5. I had to wait outside home until my mum got back 6. I was very nervous 7. I was really shocked 8. My dog was going crazy when I got home	a. because I'd forgotten my keys. b. because it had rained the night before. c. because I hadn't made a speech in public before. d. because there were roadworks. e. because he hadn't paid his bills. f. because I hadn't taken him for a walk all day. g. so we took it home and looked after it. h. when I saw the rat in the kitchen!

Exercise 2. Поставьте глаголы в Past Perfect, чтобы передать действие, которое произошло вначале.

1. After they had one date, he asked her to marry him.

2. I rang you as soon as I heard the news.

3. I never went on a plane until I went to Japan.

4. They had an argument before I arrived, so there was a bad atmosphere. It was quite uncomfortable.

5. I was fed up after I found out I didn't get the job.

Exercise 3. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Past Perfect.

А

1. She wanted to reserve a table but he ______ (do) it.

2. I wasn’t hungry. I ______ (have) lunch.

3. Tom left very nervous. He ______ (never/ drive) a van before.

4. When we came home children ______ (make) a mess in their room.

5. When I came to Ann's place she ______ (cook) diner.

6. It was so exciting. We ______ (never/ fly) before.

7. I was so tired. I ______ (have) a busy day.

8. I met Angela yesterday. She ______ (return) from London.

В

1. That's it! We met at Mina's party! I knew I ______ (see) you somewhere before.

2. I suddenly remembered I ______ (forget) to bring my homework.

3. When I got home, I realised I ______ (leave) my keys in the office.

4. We found out we ______(be) at university at the same time, but we ______ (never meet).

5. I was surprised because there was no-one there and I ______ (not/ be told) the class ______ (be cancelled).

6. They were surprised he ______ (do) so well in his exams, but then they discovered he ______ (cheat).

Exercise 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

A

1. By two o'clock the teacher ______ (examine) all the students.

2. On my way to school I ______ (remember) that I ______ (leave) my report at home.

3. All my friends ______ (be) glad to hear that I ______ (pass) all the examinations successfully.

4. Poor Oliver ______ (lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes ______ (leave) him.

5. He ______ (open) his eyes, ______ (look) around and ______ (try) to remember what ______ (happen) to him.

6. The passengers ______ (see) at once that the old man ______ (travel) a great deal in his life.

7. By the time we ______ (come) to see him, he ______ (return) home.

8. During the holidays my friend ______ (visit) the village where he ______ (live) in his childhood.

9. When they ______ (enter) the hall, the performance ______ (already/ begin).

10. When I came home, my mother ______ (tell) me that she ______ (receive) a letter from grandfather.

B

1. I ______ (put) on coat, ______ (take) the umbrella and ______ (go) out.

2. I ______ (go) out and ______ (remember) that I ______ (forget) my umbrella.

3. When they ______ (arrive) at the stadium the match already ______ (begin).

4. When he ______ (phone) Paula, she already ______ (begin) packing.

5. When she ______ (come) home her sister ______ (do) the washing up.

6. He ______ (arrive) at this town two days ago. He never ______ (be) here before.

7. I ______ (be) sure that I______ (write) the test well.

8. He ______ (assure) us that he ______ (recover).

9. They ______ (be) very angry when ______ (realize) that their car ______ (disappear).

10. Bill ______ (enter) the café, ______ (sit) at the table and ______ (order) a drink.

11. The day ______ (not/ be) the luckiest day in his life. He ______ (have) an argument with his boss and his rival ______ (go) to the business trip instead of him. He ______ (try) not to think about it, but in vain.

Exercise 5. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужное прошедшее время: Past Simple, Past Perfect или Past Continuous.

A

When I ______ (1.get) home, Bill ______ (2.lie) on the sofa. The television ______ (3.be) on, but he ______ (4.not/ watch) it. He ______ (5.sleep). I ______ (6.turn) the television off and ______ (7.go) to the kitchen. Though he ______ (8.have) a busy day he ______ (9.manage) to do a lot of things: he ______ (10.cook) supper, ______ (11.do) the washing up, ______ (12.iron) his shirts and ______ (13.go) shopping. I ______ (14.feel) happy that I ______ (15.choose) such a perfect husband.

B

I travel all over the country in my job and wheneverI take the train to Scotland, I remember the story about the man whose wife ______ (1. just/ have) a baby. He ______ (2.work) in London at the time but he ______(3.live)in Newcastle, which is in the north-east of England, not far from the Scottish border. As soon as he______(4.hear) the news, he ______(5.rush) to King's Cross Station. He bought his ticket and then, just before he ______(6.jump) on the first train north, he ______(7.ring) his wife to say he would soon be with her. He ______ (8.be) so excited at the news that he ______(9.tell) the woman who ______ (10.sit) in the same compartment. She ______(11.ask) him if he lived in Edinburgh, as that was where the train ______ (12.go), and was surprised to hear that he lived in Newcastle. 'But this train doesn't stop at Newcastle,' she ______ (13.rеply). 'It goes straight to Edinburgh.' When the man ______(14.hear) this, he ______(15.run) to the front of the train to speak to the driver. After telling him his story, he ______(16.beg) him to stop the train at Newcastle. He even ______(17.offer)him money, but the driver still ______(18.refuse). However, he ______(19.agree)to slow the train down to 15 m.p.h. so that the man could jump off. An hour later, as the train ______ (20.approach) Newcastle Station, the ticket-collector ______(21.hold) the man out of the window and he ______ (22.begin) running in mid-air. When they ______(23.reach) the station, the ticket-collector gently ______(24.drop) the man onto the platform and he ______(25.run) very fast along it. The guard, at the back of the train, ______(26.see) a man running along the platform. He ______(27.put out) his hand and ______(28.pull) the man onto the train. 'Lucky I ______ (29.see) you,' (30.say) the guard. 'You almost ______(31.miss)the train.'

Exercise 6. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

1. George said if it is / was very difficult to play this role.

2. He said he studies / studied at Moscow University.

3. Ann said that she just had / had just had a telephone call.

4. Jack said that he will do / would do it for me.

5. Mike asked where are we going / we were going.

6. She asked do I liked / if I liked her car.

7. He asked his brother what would he do / he would do.

8. He asked when did we move / we had moved to London.

Exercise 7. Дополните предложения глаголами say, tell, ask в Past Simple.

1. When I was younger, my dad often _______ me to just do what I love doing - and that's what I've done!

2. I _______ to see the manager, but they _______ he wasn't available.

3. A: What _______ you _______ to your boss?

B: I just _______ him I didn't want to work for him any more.

4. My older sister once _______ me to never date anyone more attractive than me!

5. Last year I _______ my grandfather to _______ me about his childhood. Some of the things he _______ he'd seen were just unbelievable!

6. My last English teacher always _______ I asked too many questions!

7. I _______ if she wanted to leave a message, but she _______ she'll call back tomorrow.

8. I once _______ a friend when her baby was due - and then found out she wasn't actually pregnant!

14.2. КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ (REPORTED SPEECH) передает чужую речь в придаточном предложении, не воспроизводя её дословно, излагая суть высказывания. При переводе прямой речи в косвенную необходимо соблюдать ряд правил.

1. Для того, чтобы передать речь другого человека существуют множество глаголов. Наиболее часто употребляются глаголы say, tell, ask. Правила их употребления следующие:

to say (to smb) that….: e.g. He said that he was a doctor. – Он сказал, что он врач.

to tell smb that: e.g. He told me that he was a doctor. – Он сказал мне, что он врач.

Примечание. Слово that в английском предложении, как правило, опускается: e.g. He said he was a doctor. – Он сказал, что он врач. He told me he was a doctor. – Он сказал мне, что он врач.

to ask smb: e.g. I asked her if she liked fish. – Я спросил у неё любит ли она рыбу.

to ask smth: e.g. I asked where the shop was. – Я спросил, где магазин. He asked to open the window. – Он попросил открыть окно. She asked not to be late. – Она попросила не опаздывать.

2. При переводе прямой речи в косвенную личные и притяжательные местоимения меняются соответственно смыслу:

e.g. He says: “I’m glad to see you” – Он сказал: «Я рад видеть вас».

He says (that) he is glad to see us. - Он сказал, что он рад видеть нас.

3. Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь, употреблен в одном из прошедших времен, то в косвенной речи действует правило согласование времен:

Present Simple/ Continuous → Past Simple/ Continuous

Past Simple / Present Perfect →Past Perfect

Will →Would

Can →Could

4. Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь, употреблен в одном из прошедших времен, то указательные местоимения и наречия места и времени в косвенной речи меняются:

here здесь – there там

now сейчас – then тогда

ago тому назад – before до того, раньше

today сегодня – that day в тот день

yesterday вчера – the day before; on the previous day накануне

last night вчера вечером – the previous night накануне

tomorrow завтра – the next day на следующей день

5. При переводе вопросительных предложений из прямой речи в косвенную происходят те же изменения, что и в повествовательных предложениях. Порядок слов в косвенном вопросе такой же как и в повествовательном предложении, вспомогательные глаголы do, does, did не используются.

Общие вопросы ввщдятся при помощи союзов if или whether: ‘Does he work in the evening?’ – She asked if he worked in the evening.

Специальные вопросы вводятся с помощью вопросительных местоимений: 'Who did you visit yesterday?' she asked. – She asked who I had visited the day before.

Exercise 8. Дополните предложение подходящим глаголом.

1. The doctor said / told I need to lose weight.

2. I asked / told him he wasn't allowed to come in, but he told / said he had permission to enter.

3. I enjoyed the talk, but I was surprised he didn't tell /say anything about experiments on animals.

4. Researchers were asked / were said to find out how the disease was spreading.

5. Participants were told / were asked that they were part of a study of eating habits.

6. I told / asked to leave the room, but I was told / was said to stay and finish the experiment.

7. I was told / was asked if I wanted to take part in an experiment, but I told / said them I wasn't interested.

8. My teacher said / told that I should think about studying Physics at university.

9. The research looked at attitudes towards the health service. 100 people were told / were asked about their experiences of hospitals.

Exercise 9. Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи.

A

1. Sally said: ‘I spend my winter holiday in the mountains.’

2. Carol said: ‘I’m going to the cinema.’

3. Marsha said: ‘I have just received a letter from my uncle.’

4. Denis said: ‘I will never forget you.’

5. He asked: ‘What are you waiting for?’

7. She asked: ‘Have you written the test?’

8. He asked: ‘Did she promise to help you?’

B

1. ‘You speak English well’, said my teacher.

2. ‘But you’ve made five grammar mistakes in your composition, said Mary.

3. She said: ‘You are always making mistakes in creative works.’

4. ‘I went to see my grandparents last week,’ said Liz.

5. ‘When I get a job, I will rent a flat,’ said Tom.

6. He asked Sarah: ‘Why have you bought namely these shoes?’

7. She asked me: ‘What will you do tomorrow if you are not busy in the office.’

8. Sam asked Paula: ‘Are you doing anything tomorrow?’

Exercise 10. Напишите предложения в прямой речи.

1. The man said he had spent a month at the Black Sea coast last summer.

2. I asked my friend if he had a headache.

3. I asked him when he had fallen ill.

4. I asked her how long she had been waiting for me.

5. He said he wouldn’t go with us.

6. She told that she was staying.

7. She asked me if I was listening to her.

8. He told me he was ill but he was getting better.

Exercise 11. Напишите предложения в косвенной речи, используя глаголы say, reply, report, ask.

George. I haven't seen you for ages. You look wonderful. What have you been doing?

Linda. I got married 5 years ago. We have 2 children. So I am a housewife.

George. Where is your husband from?

Linda He was born in Australia, but his parents moved to Lisbon and they have been living there. We met in Lisbon when I was working as a journalist and he was an editor. He is still working for this publishing house but in its London office.

George Are you going to work again?

Linda Perhaps I will try my hand in a bookshop. I hope I will succeed in this business

George I wish you good luck. I am sure we will meet one day

Exercise 12. Найдите пять ошибок и исправьте их.

1. I said him to stop, but he ignored me.

2. When you see him, say hello from me.

3. My science teacher told we only use 10% of our brains!

4. I've been asked to say a few words about our project.

5. My teacher told me to don't to text in class.

6. I asked my dad I could go to the party, but he said no.

7. I asked them what the experiment was for.

8. He asked that I help him with his Chemistry homework.

Exercise 13. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1. В доме был беспорядок, потому что накануне вечером мы устраивали вечеринку.

2. Сьюзен сказала, что написала еще один любовный роман.

3. Он сказал, что будет помнить этот день вечно.

4. Я спросил у него, какую музыку он любит.

5. Они объяснили нам, что опоздали из-за того, что не успели на поезд в 6:45.

6. Она хотела узнать, как долго занимает у меня дорога от дома до университета.

7. Когда мы прибыли в театр, все места были заняты и спектакль уже начался.

8. Она сказала, что сожалеет, но она растратила все деньги.

9. Я спросил у него, бывал ли он в этой части города раньше, но он ответил, что нет.

10. Мой отец очень сильно рассердился, потому что я не сдал экзамен по английскому языку.