7. Настоящее завершенное (present perfect)

7.1. Настоящее завершенное время (Present Perfect) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have и прошедшего причастия (Participle II) основного глагола. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

Утвердительная форма +	I/ We You have just seen/ visited. They
	He She has just seen/visited. It
Вопросительная форма ?	I / we Have you just seen/visited ? they
	Has he, she, it just seen/visited ?
Отрицательная форма -	I /We You have not (haven’t) just seen/visited. They
	He She has not (hasn’t) just seen/visited. It

Present Perfect употребляется:

1. для выражения действия в прошлом с результатом в настоящем: e.g. Where is your key? – I’ve lost it. – Где твой ключ? – Я потерял его.

2. для сообщения о недавнем происшествии: e.g. Oh, I’ve cut my finger. – Ой, я порезал палец.

Следующие наречия часто сопровождают такое употребление:

just – толькочто: I’ve just had lunch.

already – уже (употребляется только в повествовательных предложениях, обычно ставится между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами): I’ve already posted the letter.

yet – еще, уже (употребляется в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях): I haven’t seen him yet. Have you had dinner yet?

3. Когда мы говорим о периоде времени, продолжающемся от прошлого до настоящего, обычно имеется в виду жизненный опыт человека: e.g. Have you ever been to China?

Следующие наречия часто сопровождают такое употребление:

ever, never, recently, lately, so far, for two years, since breakfast.

4. Когда период времени еще не закончился к моменту говорения: e.g. I’ve had four cups of coffee today.

Примечание: обратите внимание на разницу между выражениями have been и have gone:

e.g.  Jim has gone to Spain.(он сейчас там)

Jim has been to Spain. (побывали вернулся).

Exercise 1. Измените время глагола на Present Perfect, употребляя just, already или yet. Переведите оба предложения.

1. I am eating my breakfast.

2. He is putting the dishes on the table.

3. They are having tea.

4. She is taking dirty plates from the table.

5. The students are writing a test.

6. She is learning a poem.

7. He is telling them an interesting story.

8. We are opening a box of chocolates.

Exercise 2. Перепишите предложения, употребляя for или since.

A

1. Hello! I haven’t seen you ____ ages.

2. She has studied English ____ 1995.

3. He hasn’t met his friends ____ his birthday.

4. She has worked here ____ 5 years.

5. I haven’t met him ____ 5 days.

6. We have studied here ____ September, 1.

7. She has been here ____ 10 o’clock.

8. I’ve lived in this house ____ I was 6.

B

1. They have been to London ____May, 14.

2. I haven’t met her ____ a long time.

3. They have been to London ____ 2 years.

4. We have known each other ____we were children.

5. I haven't seen Helen ____ Friday.

6. It has been raining ____ 2 hours.

Exercise 3. Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Present Perfect.

A

1. He _______ (not/come) back yet.

2. I ____ just _____(get) a letter from my parents.

3. _____ you ever _____ (be) to the Crimea?

4. Pease, give me a pencil, I _____ (lose) mine.

5. Where is Paula? – She _____ (go) home.

6. They get only excellent marks. They _____ (improve) their English.

7. _____ you _____ (read) all this books?

8. ‘_____ you _____ (book) the tickets?’ ‘Yes, I ____.’

B

1. Linda ____ (lose) her passport again. It' s the second tome it ____ (happen).

2. You're out of breath. _____ you _____ (run)?

3. It ____ (not rain) this week.

4. Tom _____ (not/ work) very hard this month.

5. _____ you _____ (hear) this song yet?

6. I never _____ (drive) a car.

7. Look! Somebody _____ (break) my pencil.

8. ‘Would you like a cup of coffee?’ ‘No, I _____ just _____ (drink) tea.’

Exercise 4. Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Present Perfect.

1. A: ____ you ever ____on a diet that actually worked? (be)

B: No. I ____ lots, but I usually put on weight again once I stop them! (try)

2. A: ____ you ever ____ anything unusual? (eat)

B: Yeah, I ____ camel meat a few times and I had bat soup last year in the Philippines. (have)

3. A: ____ you ever ____ to a really expensive restaurant? (go)

B: Yes, I have, but luckily my boss paid!

4. A: ____ you ever ____ a hair in your food? (find)

B: No, never, but I once found a piece of glass in a burger. I couldn't believe it!

5. A: ____ you ever _____ in a restaurant? (complain)

B: Yeah, a few times, actually. Last week I complained in a cafe because the food wasn't cooked properly.

6. A: ____ you ever any ____ of Gordon Ramsay's recipes? (try)

B: No, I ____never ____ of him. (hear)

Exercise 5. Вы пишите письмо своему другу. Использу явремя Present Perfect, сообщите о том, что произошло с вами и с другими людьми.

Dear Chris,

Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.

1. I / buy / a new car _________ .

2. My father / start / a new job ________ .

3. I/give up/smoking ________ .

4. Charles and Sarah/go/to Brazil ________ .

5. Suzanne / have / a baby _________ .

Exercise 6.

A Составьте вопросы в Present Perfect из данных слов. Внесите все необходимые изменения.

1. you / be / here before?

2. you / ever / eat / snake?

3. you / try / that new restaurant round the corner?

4. Dave / speak / to you about tonight yet?

5. you two / be introduced?

6. how long / she / live / there?

B Сопоставьте вопросы в части А с предложенными ниже ответами.

a. Yeah, I had it once when I was in Hong Kong.

b. Yeah, we've met before actually.

c. Yeah, I came on holiday here a few years ago.

d. No, but I've had my phone switched off.

e. About six years now.

f. No, but I'd like to go there. Itlooksnice.

Exercise 7. Напишите о том, что произошло, поставив глаголы, данные в таблице, в Present Perfect.

arrive break go up grow improve lose

1. Mike is looking for his key. He can't find it. He _______.

2. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She _______.

3. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is much better. Her English ______.

4. Tim didn't have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. He ______.

5. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it . It _______.

6. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90.The bus fare _______.

Exercise 8. Составьте предложения со словами just, already или yet. Обратите внимание на образец.

e.g. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says: ‘Would you like something to eat?’ You say ‘No, thank you. I’ve just had lunch.’ (have lunch)

1. Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says: ‘Can I speak to Joe?’ You say: ‘I'm afraid he ____.’ (go out)

2. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: ‘Wait a minute! I ____.’(not/finish)

3. You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says: ‘Shall I phone to reserve a table?’ You say: ‘No, I ____.’ (do)

4. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You say: ‘____ you ____ the job?” (find)

5. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks: ‘Is Ann still at the bank?’ You say: ‘No, she ____.’(come back)

Exercise 9. Закончите предложения словами been или gone.

1. Jim is on holiday. He's ____ to Italy.

2. Hello! I've just ____ to the shops. I've bought lots of things.

3. Alice isn't here at the moment. She's ____ to the shop to get a newspaper.

4. Tom has ____ out. He'll be back in about an hour.

5. ‘Are you going to the bank?’ ‘No, I've already ____ to the bank.’

7.2. Present Perfect and Past Simple

	Past Simple	Preset Perfect
Утвердительная форма	I/ We You He She visited/went yesterday. It They	I/You We have just visited/seen. They
		He She have just visited/seen. It
Вопросительная форма	I, you he Did she visit/go yesterday? it we they	I/you Have we just visited/seen? they
		he Has she just visited/seen? it
Отрицательная форма	I, You He She did not visit/go yesterday. It (didn’t) We They	I/ We You have not (haven’t) just visited/seen. They
		He She has not (hasn’t) just visited/seen. It

Present Perfect на русский язык переводится глаголом совершенного вида прошедшего времени. Но и Past Simple, прошедшее простое время, в иных случаях переводится точно также. Возникает вопрос: когда употреблять Past Simple (прошедшее простое), а когда Present Perfect?

Past Simple называет действие, произошедшее в определенный момент в прошлом: He got married when he was 22 (in 1979).

Обозначает действие, которое завершилось и произошел разрыв с настоящим:  I lived in Paris for a year. (больше я там не живу). Ian Fleming wrote 14 novels. (он уже умер и больше не пишет).

Past Simple используется с вопросами When? What time?

Present Perfect обозначает действие, произошедшее в неопределенный момент в прошлом: She’s been to China.

Действие, продолжающееся по настоящий момент: She’s lived in London for 20 years (и до сих пор там живет). She's written 20 novels (и еще будет писать).

Употребление Present Perfect часто сопровождается следующими выражениями: ever, never, just, already, yet, since, for.

I have been worked here since 1995. / since I left school.

I have never been to America. Have you ever been to America?

Present Perfect используется с вопросом How long?

Exercise 10. Дополните каждую пару предложений словами, выделенными жирным шрифтом. Используйте Present Perfect в одном предложении и Past Simple в другом.

1. lose

a. I ______ my mobile two weeks ago, so I'm in a mess! It had all my contacts on it.

b. My brother ______ his mobile about 15 times.

2. visit

a. ______ you _______ the Taj Mahal when you were in India?

b. ______ you _______ the Taj Mahal yet?

3. try

a. I ______ never ______ coffee. I don't like the smell.

b. I got these jeans on holiday, but I ______ not ______ them on before I bought them.

4. see

a. ______ you ever ______ that film ‘Babette's Feast’?It's on tonight.

b. ______ you ______ the news last night? I was on it!

Exercise 11. Составьте предложения в Present Perfect или Past Simple, используя слова в скобках.

e.g. (it/not/ rain/ this week) – It hasn’t rained this week.

1. (the weather/ be/ cold/ recently)

2. (it/ cold/ lastweek)

3. (I/ not/ read/ a newspaper yesterday)

4. (I/ not/ read/ a newspaper today)

5. (Ann/ earn/ a lot of money/ this year)

6. (she/ not/ earn/ so much/ last year)

7. (you/ have/ a holiday recently?)

Exercise 12. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы, данные в скобках в правильное время, Present Perfect или Past Simple.

e.g. I don’t know where Amy is. Have you seen(you/see) her?

A

1. Last year he ____ (go) to Spain.

2. ‘Where is Tom?’ ‘He ____ (go) to Spain.’

3. I ____ (see) Tom yesterday.

4. I ____ (not/ see) him for ages.

5. Last term we ____ (read) an interesting story.

6. ____ you ever ____ (read) science fiction?

7. This writer is my brother. He ____ (write) 4 books.

8. S. Mangham ____ (write) a very popular short story called ‘The Luncheon’.

9. They ____ (go) out after lunch and they ____ just ____ (come) back.

10. Chinese ____ (invent) printing.

B

1. Last night I ____ (feel) tired and ____ (go) to bed very early.

2. The sun _____ (not/ rise) yet.

3. We ____ (not/ decide) what to do yet.

4. ‘____ you ____ (see) Jack today?’ ‘No, I ____.’

5. My brother ____ (return) from the North.

6. He ____ (go) there 2 years ago.

7. Why ____ you ____ (come)? What do you want?

8. When ____ you ____(come)? – I ____ (come) 10 minutes ago.

9. Jim is away on holiday. He ____ (go) to Spain

10. John ____ (live) in Scotland for 10 years. Then he ____ (move) to England. He ____ (live) in London for 5 years so far.

C

1. When I ____ (get) home last night, I ____ (be) very tired and I ____ (go) straight to bed.

2. Your car looks very clean. ____ (you/ wash) it?

3. George ____ (not/ be) very well last week.

4. Mr Clark ____ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.

5. Molly lives in Dublin. She ____ (live) there all her life.

6. ‘____ (you/ go) to the cinema last night?’ ‘Yes, but it ____ (be) a mistake. The film ____ (be) awful.’

7. My grandfather ____ (die) 30 years ago. I ____ (never/ meet) him.

8. I don’t know Carol’s husband. I ____ (never/ meet/ him).

9. A: Is your father at home?

B: No, I’m afraid he ____ (go) out.

A: When exactly ____ (he/ go) out?

B: About ten minutes ago.

10. A: Where do you live?

B: In Boston.

A: How long ____ (you/ live) there?

B: Five years.

A: Where ____ (you/ live) before that?

B: In Chicago.

A: And how long ____ (you/ live) in Chicago?

B: Twoyears.

Exercise 13. Выберите правильную временную форму.

e.g. Everything is going well. We didn’t have / haven’t had any problems so far.

А

1. A: Shall we go to that Thai place on Grove Lane?

B: I've never been / I didn't go there. What's it like?

2. A: Have you gone out / Did you go out yesterday?

B: No, I just stayed in.

3. A: Have you had / Did you have anything to eat?

B: Yes thanks. I've made / I made myself a sandwich before I left home.

4. A: I went to Italy last summer.

B: Really? What part have you been / did you go to?

A: Umbria.

B: Oh yeah, lovely. We've been / We went to Italy quite a few times now. It's a fantastic country – great food.

A: Yes, we've had / we had a great time.

B

1. Margaret didn’t go / hasn’t gone to work yesterday. She wasn’t feeling well.

2. Look! That man over there wears / is wearing the same sweater as you. ‘

3. Your son is much taller than when I last saw him. He grew / has grown a lot.

4. I still don’t know what to do. I didn’t decide / haven’t decided yet.

5. I wonder why Jim is / is being so nice to me today. He isn’t usually like that.

6. Jane had a book open in front of her but she didn’t read / wasn’t reading it.

7. I wasn’t very busy. I didn’t have / wasn’t having much to do.

8. Tim wasn’t happy in his new job at first but he begins / is beginning to enjoy it now.

9. After leaving school, Jack found / has found it difficult to get a new job.

10. When Sue heard the news, she wasn’t / hasn’t been very pleased.

11. Where are you coming / do you come from? Are you American?

12. ‘Ann has gone out.’ ‘Oh, has she? What time did she go / has she gone?’

Exercise 14. Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант.

1. Did you ever hear / Have you ever heard of an actor called Sylvia Halliwell?

2. I never went / I’ve never been to Zimbabwe.

3. He never met / He’s never met his father. He died before he was born.

4. Did you talk / Have you talked to Maggie yesterday?

5. I’ve never won / I’ve never won a competition in my life.

6. Have you seen / Did you see the news last night?

7. I never won / I’ve never won a competition in my life.

8. Did you ever dream / Have you ever dreamt that you could fly?

Exercise 15. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильном времени Present Perfect, Past Simple или Present Simple.

Karen Cookson 1 ________ (always/ be) interested in the sea and the creatures in it. When she was ten her mother 2 _________ (buy) her an aquarium and she 3 ___________ (have) collections of tropical fish ever since then. For the last twenty years, she 4 ___________ (live) in a big house in Auckland where she has an aquarium. Last year she 5 ___________ (open) the aquarium to the public. Thousands of people 6 __________ (already/ visit) her collection.

Her collection includes several sharks which 7 __________ (swim) around looking dangerous. ‘People 8 __________ (not/ understand) sharks,’ she says. ‘I 9 _________ (never/ have) any problems with my sharks because I 10 _______ (know) how to behave. Sharks only 11 __________ (attack) humans in certain situations. Once, a great white shark 12 ________ (try) to attack me but I 13 ___________ (hit) it on the nose with my camera!’

Exercise 16. Исправьте ошибки.

1. I am here since last week.

2. Kevin had his new job for nine months. He loves it.

3. I lived here for ten years but I’m going to move soon.

4. Bridgit knows Philip for a year and a half.

5. We have been to China in 2005.

6. How long do you have your dog?

7. They have known each other since three days.

8. She’s had a sore throat for this morning.

9. Jane was a vet for thirty years and she still enjoys it.

10. How long do you live in this city?

Exercise 17. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1. У моей сестры хороший голос, но она ещё ни разу не пела на публике.

2. Этот писатель довольно популярен. Он выиграл множество наград и несколько из его рассказов появились на телевидении.

3. ‘Вы на этой неделе обедали в ресторане?’ ‘Нет. Последний раз мы кушали в ресторане месяц назад.’

4. Она когда-нибудь бывали в Австрии или в какой-нибудь другой европейской стране?

5. Мы дружим уже почти 25 лет, с тех пор как были в последнем классе в школе.

6. Как долго вы здесь находитесь? Были ли какие-нибудь захватывающие моменты в вашей жизни?

7. Он много путешествует. Он объездил большинство стран Азии.

8. Мой друг выиграл приз за лучшую статью в местную газету на прошлой неделе. У меня ещё никогда не было такого опыта.

9. Вы когда-нибудь покупали что-нибудь, что на самом деле Вам не нравилось?

10. Мы прожили в нашей старой квартире 15 лет, с 1990 года по 2005.