21. Translate into English using the Gerund as an Adverbial Modifier of Manner.

1. Если не привести сравнительные данные за прошедший год, отчет не даст читателю основу для сравнения результатов в динамике.

2. Путем анализа мнений и предложений акционеров правление пришло к выводу, что продажа активов не принесет компании достаточного капитала.

3. Рентабельность оценивают путем соотнесения доходов фирмы с объемом продаж, стоимостью активов и капиталом.

4. Без создания соответствующих условий для рентабельности фирмы в ближайшем будущем, о длительной перспективе вообще не стоит и говорить.

5. Задолженность фирмы можно измерить путем отношения размера долга к полным активам.

6. Полиция ищет водителя автомобиля, который уехал с места преступления, не остановившись после того, как сбил женщину.

22. Put in the suitable prepositions: before, after, on, in with the Gerund as an Adverbial Modifier of Time.

1. ..... laying the table she brought in the tea.

2. ..... hearing the news Liz seemed excited.

3. ..... exploring the problem thoroughly the experts can make a conclusion.

4. ..... entering the building of the Academy a visitor should show his pass.

5. An applicant fills in the form ..... reading the instructions.

6. ..... sending any message the sender needs to think to confirm that there is a need to communicate.

7. ..... lending money bankers have to find a balance between yield and risk.

8. The problem-solving meeting enables the manager to weigh one opinion against the other ..... making a decision.

9. Layout and the effect of the immediate visual appearance is of great importance ..... preparing sales letters.

10. ..... determining its credit policy each company examines carefully its implications.

23. Change the sentences as shown in the model using the Gerund as an Adverbial Modifier of Purpose.

Model: You can buy goods with money.

Money is used for buying goods.

1. You can measure value with money.

2. You can store wealth with money.

3. You can sell things for money.

4. People used a system of barter to exchange goods.

5. People used cattle, grain and tobacco to exchange goods.

6. People needed a more practical system to exchange things.

7. People still use paper currency to pay for goods.

8. They say people will no longer use paper currency to pay for goods.

9. You will use only cheques, bankers’ cards, credit cards etc. to pay for goods and services.

24. Complete the sentences using the Gerund in different functions. Put in the suitable preposition where required.

1. ..... a school in Britain today costs only half as much as in the 1940s, said the Minister of Education yesterday. (build)

2. ..... too economical with glue and screws can give a plenty of trouble later. (be)

3. Miss Smith’s ..... her to the office had been in the nature of a preparation and warning. (call)

4. ..... big prices for famous pictures is now a wealthy man’s way ..... taxation. (pay, escape)

5. I have been blamed often ..... too easily to directors and ..... their opinions. (yield, accept)

6. As luck would have it, he was saved ..... to make the decision. (have)

7. One of them was fined in the county court ..... his cows. (starve)

8. He promised them that no harm would come to them ..... the papers. (sign)

9. As we sat and watched them, Roger, ..... to me, said in a flat and even tone: ‘There may possibly be trouble’. (turn/neg)