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- •Система открытого образования
- •Часть 3
- •Под общей редакцией д-ра филил. Наук, проф. Л.М. Лещевой
- •Chapter 7. Verbs Modal verbs Entry Test
- •2. Rewrite the following sentences so that each sentence contains the modal verb can.
- •3. Complete these sentences with modal verbs to express possibility or uncertainty.
- •4. Respond to the following questions. Express supposition implying uncertainty.
- •5. Insert may/might or can/could or to be able to.
- •6. Make the following sentences negative.
- •8. Translate from Russian into English.
- •9. Rewrite these sentences so that each sentence contains the modal verb need.
- •10. Answer these questions. Show that a planned action was not carried out using the modal verb to be to.
- •12. Respond to the following remarks to criticise a past action.
- •14. Put in shall, will or would. Open the brackets.
- •15. Translate from Russian into English
- •Each modal verb may express a wide range of modality. Here is a quick reference to the major meanings of the modal verbs dealt in this chapter:
- •Can expresses ability or capability, possibility, incredulity or doubt.
- •§ 1 Can/could to express ability or capability
- •§ 2 Can/could to express possibility, choices and
- •§ 3 Can/could to express uncertainty, doubt,
- •§ 4 Can/could to express permission, requests,
- •§ 5 Can/could in set phrases
- •1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verb can. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Read the situations and write what you would say.
- •3. Complete these sentences using the modal verbs can/could or to be able to. Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only to be able to is possible.
- •5. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs can/could or to be able to plus a notional verb.
- •6. Fill in the blanks with a modal verb to talk about unrealized past ability.
- •7. Use the modal verb can/could followed by the appropriate infinitive.
- •8. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb can in the meaning of astonishment, uncertainty or doubt.
- •9. Read the dialogue, single out the patterns with the modal verb can. Comment on emotional colouring of the meanings. Reproduce this dialogue by heart: Think of your own examples.
- •10. Fill in the following spaces with either can/could or to be able to.
- •11. Translate into English.
- •§ 1 May/might to express permission
- •§ 2 May/might to express possibility
- •§ 3 May/might to express wishes, persuasive requests, and criticism
- •§ 4 May/might in set phrases
- •§ 5 Compare may and can for permission and
- •1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verb may.
- •2. Answer the questions using the modal verb may/might.
- •3. Respond to each situation making up your own sentences.
- •4. Use the modal verb may followed by the appropriate infinitive.
- •5. Read these situations and make up sentences with may/might as well.
- •6. How would you ask for permission in these situations?
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •§ 1 Must to express obligation and prohibition
- •§ 2 Must to express a command and
- •§ 3 Must to express supposition
- •§ 4 Compare must and may for supposition and
- •1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verbs must and may. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4. Change the following sentences, making them opposite in meaning.
- •5. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs may or must with the proper infinitive.
- •6. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Comment on the meaning of the verb need. Translate these sentences into Russian.
- •2. Replace the phrases in italics with modal verb need or the full verb need to.
- •3. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences.
- •4. Add your comments to the sentences, using needn’t have.
- •5. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Comment on the meaning of have to and have got to. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Use a construction with the modal verb have to in place of the words in italics.
- •4. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Comment on the meaning of the verb to be to. Translate into Russian.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with must, have to or be to.
- •3. Combine the modal verb to be to with the proper form of the infinitive in the brackets.
- •4. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb to be to. Translate your sentences.
- •5. Translate from Russian into English.
- •In comparison
- •1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the verbs need, have to, be to.
- •2. Replace the words in bold type by need not/need etc, or a negative/ interrogative have to form.
- •3. Change the following sentences into the negative and interrogative.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with must or have to with the proper form of the Infinitive.
- •5. Write a sentence with must, have to to respond to the remarks.
- •6. Put in must or have to. Choose which is the best for the situation.
- •7. Insert to have or to be in the appropriate form.
- •8. Complete this article about learning to drive in Britain. Put in a positive or negative form of be allowed to or have to.
- •9. Write a few sentences about learning to drive in your country.
- •10. Translate from Russian into English.
- •§ 1 Should and ought to in comparison
- •§ 2 Must, should, and ought to in comparison
- •§3 Emotional should: in subordinate clauses,
- •1. Comment on the meaning of the modal verbs should/ought to. Translate the sentences.
- •2. Give some advice to a person or express disapproval.
- •3. Complete these sentences.
- •5. Respond to the statements with constructive suggestions, using the words in brackets.
- •6. Complete these sentences using the modal verbs should or have to with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets.
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Comment on the meaning of the verb shall. Translate the sentences.
- •2. Make offers for the following situations. Think of your own situations.
- •3. Make suggestions to a friend for the following situations. You feel like ...
- •4. Translate these sentences from Russian into English.
- •§ 1 Will and Would for characteristic habit,
- •1. Comment on the meaning of the verb will and would. Translate the sentences.
- •2. Make requests for the following situations. You want someone to
- •3. Use a phrase with will or would in place of the words in italics.
- •§ 2 Will and would for intention, insistence,
- •1. Comment on the meaning of the verb will and would. Translate the sentences.
- •3. Oral Activity.
- •4. Put in appropriate forms of the past used to, will, would. Alternatives are possible. Retell the story. Water, water everywhere.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs shall/will or should/would.
- •6. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Review Exercises
- •2. Choose the most suitable words underlined.
- •3. Oral Activity
- •4. Put in will have to, must, having to, has to, should, had to, have to, should have. Retell the story. Arijaba!
- •5. Complete the sentences with appropriate modals (can, must, may).
- •6. Choose the sentence closest in meaning to the sentences given.
- •7. Rewrite each of the following sentences using the modal verb should and one of the words listed: important, normal, odd, insisted, warned, incredible.
- •9. Translate these sentences from Russian into English.
- •Progress Test
- •1. Supply the modal verbs can, could, to be able to, or managed to.
- •7. Change the following responses using the modal verb may/might to express supposition implying uncertainty.
- •8. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the modal verb must and the meaning remains the same.
- •9. Paraphrase the sentences to express supposition implying assurance with reference to the future.
- •10. Complete these sentences with the modal verbs (must or may).
- •12. Explain the difference in meaning between the two pairs.
- •13. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs must, have to, to be to.
- •15. Insert the modal verbs shall/should or will/would.
- •16. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Mood. Conditional sentences entry test
- •1. Choose the correct word or phrase to fill the spaces.
- •2. Choose the correct answer.
- •4. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
- •5. Complete the following sentences.
- •6. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
- •7. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Some sentences require a negative.
- •8. Translate into English.
- •And Subjunctive Moods.
- •§ 1 Mood. General Information
- •§ 2 The Subjunctive Mood
- •1. The forms of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •2. The use of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •2. Thus, we may speak about three major types of complex conditional sentences, or conditionals (Units 3-5):
- •3. Alternatives to ‘if’ in conditionals.
- •1. Put the verbs into the correct form.
- •3. Use the correct verb form instead of the Infinitive in brackets.
- •4. Choose the correct expression in the following sentences.
- •5. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets. Use will, going to, Present Simple and Present Perfect. There are may be two possibilities.
- •7. Some workers are demonstrating outside their factory. Use their demands to decide what they actually say to the managers and make conditional sentences (Type 1).
- •8. The managers of the factory are considering the worker’s demands. Complete the sentences by choosing suitable linking word from the box below.
- •9. Complete the following sentences.
- •10. Think of a suitable way to complete the second half of the dialogue.
- •11. Translate into English:
- •2. Type II Conditionals are used:
- •1. Put the verb into the correct form.
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense form.
- •5. Write Type II Conditionals to match these situations.
- •6. Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs. Use could, ought to, might in the main clause.
- •7. The following things might happen. What would you do if they happened to you? Write your answers.
- •8. Put the verb into the correct form.
- •10. Translate into English:
- •3. If I had been you/in your position
- •4. Inversion with had in Type III Conditionals
- •2. Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs. Use could have (done) or might have (done) in the main class.
- •3. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets.
- •4. The Principal of the Express School of English is thinking about his life, and the conditions that led him to do things. What does he say to himself? Write sentences with an if-clause.
- •5. Open the brackets. Both right and both wrong
- •6. Comment on the following situations with if (expressing regret, etc.).
- •7. Read a situation and write a sentence with if.
- •8. Rewrite these sentences as conditionals.
- •9. Complete the sentences.
- •10. Translate into English
- •2. Use mixed conditionals in these sentences.
- •4. Put in the right conditionals. The secret of a long life
- •5. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
- •6. Translate into Russian.
- •If only
- •2. Write sentences with ‘I wish’.
- •3. Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation write a sentence with ‘I wish’.
- •4. Express wishes and regrets about these situations. Refer to yourself where possible.
- •5. Complain about the present situation and express your wish about some future actions. Begin your sentences with ‘if only’ or ‘I wish’.
- •6. Read a situation and then write a sentence with ‘I wish ... Would’ .... .
- •7. Here are some problems in brackets. How could they have been avoided? Use the words and phrases to help you write two sentences about each problem using I wish and If only.
- •8. Translate into English:
- •Review exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Fill in: if, unless, provided or as long.
- •4. Complete the sentences using these words and phrases.
- •5. Complete these sentences to make appropriate Third Conditional or Mixed Conditional sentences, using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
- •6. Complete these conditional sentences in any way appropriate.
- •8. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause.
- •9. Write sentences as in the model.
- •10. Complete the dialogue by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
- •11. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
- •12. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
- •13. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
- •14. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Some sentences require a negative.
- •15. Write a sentence about each problem using I wish or if only and the word in brackets.
- •Progress test
- •1. Choose the correct answer.
- •3. Correct the errors, if necessary.
- •5. Make up sentences.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •Sequence of Tenses and reported speech entry test
- •1. Open the brackets using the correct tense form.
- •2. Turn the following statements into Reported Speech.
- •3. Report the following questions.
- •4. Report the following commands, requests, and suggestions. Change an introductory verb, if necessary.
- •5. Turn the following sentences with the modals into Reported Speech.
- •1.Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
- •2.Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Report the following utterances. Use the reporting verbs best suited to the sense of the utterance.
- •2.Put in tell or say.
- •Unit 3 reported statements
- •1. Turn the following statements into Reported Speech. Mind the changes of place and time.
- •2. Put in is or was. Sometimes both are possible.
- •3. Change the following sentences into Reported Speech.
- •4. Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.
- •5. Choose the most suitable word in cursive.
- •6. Report what these people are saying with the reporting verbs provided.
- •7. Turn each direct-speech statement into Reported Speech with tense changes.
- •8. Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Martha. Here are some of the things Martha said to you:
- •10. Convert into Reported Speech.
- •11. Look at the extract from the interview 1 and the following report of it. Then write your own report of the next interviews.
- •Interview 1
- •Interview 2
- •Interview 3
- •Report… He said that…
- •Interview 4
- •Report… He said that…
- •12. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Rewrite each of these questions in Reported Speech. Start with the words given, and make any additions you need.
- •2. Turn the questions into Reported Speech.
- •4. Put the following into Reported Speech.
- •A job interview
- •7. Put the following into Direct Speech.
- •8. Convert into Reported Speech.
- •9. Rita is moving to a new flat. Bill has come to see the flat and help her move in. Convert their dialogue into Reported Speech.
- •10. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Mrs Smith is giving her cleaner instructions about what to do for the day. Report them.
- •2. Report the following using an appropriate introductory verb from the box below.
- •3. First read, then report what the teacher told the students before the exam.
- •4. Change the following direct commands into reported commands using the verbs: tell, order, ask, beg, advise, remind, warn, etc.
- •5. Put the following into Reported Speech using ask, advise, invite, offer, remind, tell, warn.
- •6. Report the following using the simple past of the verbs in brackets.
- •7. Report the dialogue.
- •8. Convert into Reported Speech.
- •10. Mr Andrews is the boss at Techniques. He tells everyone what to do. Report his orders and requests.
- •11. Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.
- •12. Give the original words represented by the following reported sentences.
- •13. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Unit 6 modals in reported speech
- •1. Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.
- •2. Open the brackets. Use the appropriate verb form.
- •3. Turn the conversation into Reported Speech.
- •4. Report the dialogue.
- •5. Convert the conversations into Reported Speech.
- •6. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Review exercises
- •2. Rewrite the following sentences in Reported Speech.
- •3. Use an appropriate introductory verb to report the following.
- •4. Supply the correct forms of the verbs.
- •5. Cross out the unnecessary word.
- •6. Read the news report and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer.
- •7. Here is the report of what the judge said to an accused. Convert his words into Direct Speech.
- •8. Put in the missing words.
- •9. Put in the correct forms.
- •10. Match the first part (1-10) with an appropriate reporting verb (a-j).
- •11. Finish these sentences using the information above. Use Reported Speech.
- •12. Complete the following letter using the correct form of a verb from the list. The first (0) is given as an example.
- •13. Complete each sentence in Reported Speech.
- •14. Choose the correct answer to fill the spaces in the sentences given.
- •15 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •17. Complete the sentences with say or tell (in the correct form). Use only one word each time.
- •18. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Progress test
- •1. Convert the following into Reported Speech. Use an appropriate introductory verb.
- •Chapter 8 verbals (nonfinite forms of the verb) entry test
- •1. Complete the sentences with the correct Nonfinite form of the verbs in brackets. Put in the particle to or the appropriate preposition where required.
- •2. Translate the sentences into English using the Verbals.
- •Verbal Predicate
- •§ 1 General Information
- •§ 2 The Use of Particle to with the Infinitive
- •Why not explain everything to her?
- •1. Fill in the suitable form of the verbs from the box in the following text. Some verbs can be used more than once. Reproduce the text.
- •2. Change the sentences as in the model.
- •3. Fill in the particle to before the Infinitive where required.
- •4. Complete the sentences using the correct type of the Infinitive. The first sentence has been done for you.
- •5. Fill in the particle to where required and retell the dialogues.
- •6. Translate the sentences into English using the Infinitive with or without the particle to.
- •§ 3 Forms of the Infinitive
- •§ 4 The functions of the infinitive
- •1. Make one sentence out of two using the Infinitive as a Subject. The first sentence has been done for you.
- •3. Complete the sentences with the suitable Infinitives from the box as a Subject or a Predicative.
- •4. Translate into English using the Infinitive as a Subject or a Predicative.
- •5. Make one sentence out of two using the Infinitive as an Attribute. The first one has been done for you.
- •6. Read and then retell the dialogue in pairs.
- •8. Paraphrase the sentences using the Infinitive as an Attribute. The first one has been done for you.
- •9. Translate into English using the Infinitive as an Attribute.
- •10. Put questions to the Infinitives as an Object.
- •11. Say that somebody is glad, happy, surprised, sorry, delighted to do or to have done something.
- •12. Complete the following letter using the appropriate Infinitive as an Object from the box.
- •13. Make one sentence with the Infinitive as an Object out of two. The first one has been done for you.
- •14. Complete with the correct form of the Infinitives in brackets as an Object.
- •15. Make one sentence with the Infinitive as a Result out of two. The first one has been done for you.
- •16. Paraphrase as in the model.
- •17. Change the compound or complex sentences into the one with the Infinitive as in the model.
- •19. Translate into English using the Infinitive where possible in the functions of an Object, Attribute or Result.
- •21. Fill in the correct form of the Infinitive as a Purpose in brackets.
- •22. Use your own ideas to complete the sentences with the Infinitive as a Purpose.
- •23. Read the text about the first world’s largest airship, the Hindenburg, that crashed in 1937. Complete five sentences after reading and reproduce the text.
- •24. Translate into English using the Infinitive as a Purpose.
- •25. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive as Parantheses into Russian.
- •26. Translate into English using the Infinitive as Parantheses.
- •§ 5 The Infinitive Constructions
- •5.1. Complex Object with the Infinitive
- •In the Active Voice without the particle to:
- •1. Translate the sentences with Complex Object into Russian.
- •2. Use the particle to with the Infinitive where required.
- •3. Change these sentences using Complex Object as shown in the model.
- •4. Act out the dialogue containing Complex Object.
- •5. Use Complex Object instead of the subordinate clause.
- •6. Paraphraze the sentences using Complex Object.
- •7. Translate the sentences into English using Complex Obiect where possible.
- •5.2. Complex Subject (The Subjective Infinitive Construction)
- •1. Paraphraze using Complex Subject.
- •2. Put in the correct form of the Infinitive as a Complex Subject.
- •3. Use your own ideas to complete the sentences with the Infinitive in the correct form.
- •4. Put in suitable words to make Complex Subject.
- •5. Fill in with the correct form of the Infinitive in brackets.
- •6. Translate the sentences into English using Complex Subject.
- •2. Exchange the subordinate clause for the For-to-Infinitive constructions.
- •3. Translate the following sentences into English using the For-To-Infinitive constructions.
- •4. Use your ideas to begin the sentences with the For-To-Infinitive construction.
- •5. Translate into English using the For-To-Infinitive construction.
- •Unit 3 the g e r u n d
- •§ 1 General information
- •§ 2 The Forms of the Gerund
- •§ 3 The Functions of the Gerund
- •§ 4 The Use of the Gerund
- •Insist on, congratulate on
- •1. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the Gerund from the verbs in brackets.
- •2. Make sentences with the same meaning by using the Gerund as a Subject.
- •3. Join the two sentences to make one sentence with the Gerund as a Subject following the model.
- •4. Read the sentences about Michael who is going to college soon. And then remember if you had the same or different feelings and problems.
- •5. Translate the sentences into English using the Gerund as a Subject.
- •6. Complete using the appropriate form of the Gerund as a Part of a Compound Predicate from the verbs in brackets.
- •7. Translate into English using the Gerund as a Part of a Compound Predicate.
- •8. Put in the right preposition before the Gerund as an Object.
- •9. Translate into English using the Gerund as an Object.
- •11. Complete and then retell the story told by Tracy about herself and her family using Gerund from the box.
- •12. Translate the sentences into English using the Gerund.
- •13. Complete the sentences with one of the nouns from the box.
- •14. Join two sentences to make one with the Gerund as an Attribute. The first sentence has been done for you.
- •15. Put in the Gerund as an Attribute to complete the sentences about experience, skills and abilities a manager must possess. Comment on them.
- •16. Complete the sentences with the Gerund in the function of an Attribute and a suitable noun. The first sentence has been done for you.
- •17. Translate into English using the Gerund as an Attribute.
- •18. Complete the sentences by using the Gerund as an Adverbial Modifier of Manner. The first sentence has been done for you.
- •19. Use the prompts from the box to complete the sentences with the Gerund as an Adverbial Modifier of Manner.
- •21. Translate into English using the Gerund as an Adverbial Modifier of Manner.
- •22. Put in the suitable prepositions: before, after, on, in with the Gerund as an Adverbial Modifier of Time.
- •23. Change the sentences as shown in the model using the Gerund as an Adverbial Modifier of Purpose.
- •24. Complete the sentences using the Gerund in different functions. Put in the suitable preposition where required.
- •25. Complete using the appropriate form of the Gerund.
- •26. Complete the story with the correct Infinitive or Gerund form of the verbs in brackets and reproduce it.
- •27. Translate into English using the Gerund.
- •§ 1 General Information
- •§ 2 The Forms of the Participles
- •§ 3 The Functions of the Participles
- •1. Complete the sentences using either Participle I or Participle II as an Attribute from the verbs in brackets.
- •2. Make one sentence out of two using either Participle I or Participle II as an Attribute. The first sentence has been done for you.
- •3. Complete the sentences using the suitable Participle as an Attribute of the verbs from the box.
- •4. Use the words in brackets to make sentences with the Participles. The first two have been done for you.
- •5. Complete the texts using appropriate Participles from the box and retell the texts.
- •6. Translate the sentences into English using the Participles as an Attribute.
- •8. Complete the sentences using either the Participle or a clause bearing in mind that in the function of an Attribute Participle I is usually not used to express a past or a prior action.
- •9. Translate the sentences into English using either the Participle or a clause.
- •10. Translate into English using Participle II as an Attribute.
- •11. Write out in two separate columns the word-combinations with the Gerund and those with Participle I. Comment on them doing the transformations as shown:
- •13. Translate the sentences into English using the Participle as a Predicative.
- •14. Make one sentence out of two using Participle I as an Adverbial Modifier of Time. The first sentence has been done for you.
- •15. Put in the correct form of Participle I as an Adverbial Modifier of Time or Cause.
- •16. Exchange the compound or complex sentences by those with the Participles in different Adverbial functions.
- •17. Put in the appropriate preposition/conjunction with the Participles as an Adverbial Modifier.
- •18. Use the suitable Participle from the verbs in brackets.
- •19. Complete the stories with the correct forms of the Verbals and reproduce the stories.
- •20. Complete the news report with appropriate Verbals from the verbs in brackets and reproduce it.
- •21. Translate the sentences into English using the Verbals.
- •§ 4 Participial Constructions
- •4.1. Complex Object
- •1. Complete the sentences using Complex Object either with Participle I or Participle II as shown in the model.
- •2. Translate the sentences into English using Complex Object with the Participle.
- •4.2. Absolute Participial Construction
- •1. Translate the sentences with the Participle in Absolute Constructions into Russian and comment on their form.
- •2. Translate the sentences into English using Absolute Participial Constructions.
- •§ 5 Parenthesis
- •2. Translate the sentences into English using the Participles as Parentheses.
- •Review exercises
- •2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the Infinitive from the verbs in brackets.
- •3. Translate into English using the Infinitive.
- •4. Complete the sentences using the appropriate Gerund or Infinitive form.
- •5. Put in the prepositions/particles where required.
- •6. Translate the sentences into English using either the Gerund or the Infinitive.
- •7. Put in the appropriate Verbals into the story and the interview about lorry hijackings using the verbs in brackets. Reproduce them.
- •8. Complete the text using appropriate Nonfinite forms of the verbs in brackets and retell the text.
- •9. Complete the sentences using the correct Participle form.
- •10. Complete the sentences to form Participial constructions.
- •11. Translate the sentences into English using Participles where possible.
- •12. Put in the appropriate preposition/conjunction /particle where required.
- •13. Put in the appropriate Nonfinite form of the verbs in brackets.
- •14. Translate the sentences into English using the appropriate Infinite forms of the verb.
- •Progress test
- •1. Put in the correct form of the Infinitive choosing from a, b or c.
- •2. Complete the sentences choosing the verbs from a, b or c.
- •3. Complete choosing the right preposition from a,b or c.
- •4. Complete with the correct form of the Verbals choosing them from a, b or c.
- •5. Complete the sentences using the correct form of Participles from the verbs in brackets.
- •6. Translate the sentences into English using Nonfinite forms of the verb where possible.
- •Chapter 9 numerals Entry test
- •4. Spell out the reading of the following numbers.
- •Ежегодно миллионы людей умирают от голода.
- •Numerals. Meaning and Use
- •Telling the time
- •Addition
- •Subtraction
- •Multiplication
- •Division
- •1. Practise reading the following dates.
- •2. Practise reading the following numbers.
- •Progress Test
- •Entry test Unit 2
- •Unit 10, 11
- •Progress Test Unit 2
- •Entry test
- •Review exercises
- •Progress test
- •Verbals ( nonfinite forms of the verb ) Entry test
- •Progress Test
- •Numerals Entry test
- •Progress Test
- •Bibliography
- •Dictionaries
- •Практическая грамматика английского языка для среднего и продвинутого уровней обучения
- •Часть 3
- •220007, Г. Минск, ул. Московская, 17.
Can expresses ability or capability, possibility, incredulity or doubt.
§ 1 Can/could to express ability or capability
Can is used to talk about general ability or capability in present and past (could) in active and passive structures: I can read a little English. George could play the piano when he was a boy. Gold can be found in these mountains.
To express the meaning of ability or capability can is often found with verbs of perception (receiving information through the eyes, ears, etc.) hear, see, smell, etc.: I can hear music. I could smell something burning, or cognitive verbs understand, follow, remember: I can’t/don’t understand what Edwin is talking about. It does not always add very much to the meaning and in this case can is not rendered in Russian: Я слышу музыку. Я не понимаю, о чем говорит Эдвин.
NOTE: The expression to be able to is also used to express ability or capability in present, future, and past but it is a little more formal and less usual than can: Frank is good at computers. He can write/is able to write programs.
Moreover, was/were able to is used to say that ability or opportunity resulted in a particular action, to say that somebody ‘managed to do’, ‘succeeded in doing’ something on one occasion: She was able to translate the article without my help. = She managed to do it.
Compare these two sentences:
The children could swim when they were quite young (a past ability).
The children were able to swim across the river (a past action).
To be able to is also used in the following structures:
to-infinitive: It’s nice to go. – It’s nice to be able to go to the Theatre.
after a modal verb: George might be able to help us.
in the Present Perfect Tense: Dorothy has been able to translate that article and I’m proud of her.
Could + Perfect Infinitive is used to talk about unrealized past ability or to criticize people for not doing things: You could have helped me. (But you didn’t help.) (Russ.: Ты бы мог мне помочь) You could have told me you were leaving. (But you didn’t tell.) (Russ.: Ты мог бы мне сказать, что ты уезжаешь.)
§ 2 Can/could to express possibility, choices and
opportunities
Can/could may be used to talk about possibility:
a) theoretical possibility: It can be quite cold here in summer. In this sense could suggests a less definite possibility: It could rain later this evening.
b) possibility due to existing laws: People can marry here when they are eighteen.
c
)
possibility due to circumstances or to choices and opportunities: You
can have
the book when I have finished it. There are several ways out. You
can go to
the police, you can
visit a
lawyer or you can
forget all
about that. What shall we do tomorrow? – Well, we could
go fishing.
Can/could expressing possibility is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.
Russian constructions могло (бы) быть и хуже, могло (бы) быть и лучше expressing possibility or impossibility with comparative adjectives are rendered in English by could and Indefinite Infinitive: The situation couldn’t be worse. It could be better.
Can is not found to talk about future probability – the chances that something will happen: may/might express this idea. (See Unit 3)
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