1. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Do you know what plagiarism is?

2. How can you define plagiarism?

3. Do you know the types of plagiarism?

4. Is it easy or difficult in your opinion to detect the cases of plagiarism?

5. Have you ever plagiarized?

6. In what professional spheres do people often face the cases of plagiarism?

7. Do students often plagiarize writing their term-papers?

8. Is plagiarism a crime?

9. Should people be punished for plagiarism?

10. What punishment would you establish for plagiarism if you were a legislator?

2. Прочитайте текст.

TEXT

PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism, as defined in the 1995 Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary, is the "use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work." Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered as academic dishonesty or academic fraud and offenders are subject to academic censure, up to and including expulsion. In journalism, plagiarism is considered as a breach of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination.

While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier, simply by copying and pasting text from one web page to another.

There are several different kinds of plagiarism:

Type I:	Copy & Paste
Type II:	Word Switch
Type III:	Style
Type IV:	Metaphor
Type V	Idea

Plagiarism detection is the process of locating instances of plagiarism within a work or document. The widespread use of computers and the advent of the Internet has made it easier to plagiarize the work of others.

Detection can be either manual or computer-assisted. Manual detection requires substantial effort and excellent memory, and is impractical in cases where too many documents must be compared, or original documents are not available for comparison. Computer-assisted detection allows vast collections of documents to be compared to each other, making successful detection much more likely.

The examples below were originally written by the writing center staff at an esteemed college. The original text from Elaine Tyler May's "Myths and Realities of the American Family" reads as follows:

Because women's wages often continue to reflect the fiction that men earn the family wage, single mothers rarely earn enough to support themselves and their children adequately. And because work is still organized around the assumption that mothers stay home with children, even though few mothers can afford to do so, child-care facilities in the United States remain woefully inadequate.

Here are some possible uses of this text. As you read through each version, try to decide if it is a legitimate use of May's text or a plagiarism.

Version A:

Since women's wages often continue to reflect the mistaken notion that men are the main wage earners in the family, single mothers rarely make enough to support themselves and their children very well. Also, because work is still based on the assumption that mothers stay home with children, facilities for child care remain woefully inadequate in the United States.

Plagiarism: In Version A there is too much direct borrowing of sentence structure and wording. The writer changes some words, drops one phrase, and adds some new language, but the overall text closely resembles May's. Even with a citation, the writer is still plagiarizing because the lack of quotation marks indicates that Version A is a paraphrase, and should thus be in the writer's own language.

Version B:

As Elaine Tyler May points out, "women's wages often continue to reflect the fiction that men earn the family wage" (588). Thus many single mothers cannot support themselves and their children adequately. Furthermore, since work is based on the assumption that mothers stay home with children, facilities for day care in this country are still "woefully inadequate." (589).

Plagiarism: The writer now cites May, so we're closer to telling the truth about the relationship of our text to the source, but this text continues to borrow too much language.

Version C:

By and large, our economy still operates on the mistaken notion that men are the main breadwinners in the family. Thus, women continue to earn lower wages than men. This means, in effect, that many single mothers cannot earn a decent living. Furthermore, adequate day care is not available in the United States because of the mistaken assumption that mothers remain at home with their children.

Plagiarism: Version C shows good paraphrasing of wording and sentence structure, but May's original ideas are not acknowledged. Some of May's points are common knowledge (women earn less than men, many single mothers live in poverty), but May uses this common knowledge to make a specific and original point and her original conception of this idea is not acknowledged.

Version D:

Women today still earn less than men — so much less that many single mothers and their children live near or below the poverty line. Elaine Tyler May argues that this situation stems in part from "the fiction that men earn the family wage" (588). May further suggests that the American workplace still operates on the assumption that mothers with children stay home to care for them (589).

This assumption, in my opinion, does not have the force it once did. More and more businesses offer in-house day-care facilities. . . .

No Plagiarism: The writer makes use of the common knowledge in May's work, but acknowledges May's original conclusion and does not try to pass it off as his or her own. The quotation is properly cited, as is a later paraphrase of another of May's ideas.

3. Согласитесь или опровергните утверждения. Начните свой ответ с одной из речевых моделей.

Models:

In my opinion - По моему мнению

To my mind – По-моему

I dare say – Осмелюсь сказать

To tell the truth – По правде говоря, …

I take it for granted that … - Я считаю само собой разумеющимся, что …

As far as I know – Насколько мне известно

1. Plagiarism is defined as close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work.

2. Plagiarism is considered to be a criminal offence by most people.

3. Plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered as academic fraud and offenders are subject to corporal punishment.

4. Journalistic ethics allows plagiarism so many journalists plagiarize very often.

5. It is impossible for a student to write down any term-paper or a report without plagiarizing.

6. There are five different kinds of plagiarism.

7. Plagiarism detection is the process of locating instances of plagiarism within a work or document.

8. The widespread use of computers and the advent of the Internet has made plagiarism detection much easier.

9. Plagiarism detection can be only manual.

10, Computer-assisted detection allows vast collections of documents to be compared to each other.

4. Следующие предложения содержат идиоматические выражения. Из трех объяснений только одно правильное. Выберите правильный ответ. Подберите к ним русские идиомы там, где это возможно. Придумайте мини-ситуации или диалоги с этими идиомами.

1. Wait a moment! It’s on the tip of my tongue.

a) Something is hurting my tongue.

b) I can’t speak for a moment.

c) I shall remember it in a moment.

2. That will put the cat among pigeons.

a) That will cause a lot of troubles.

b) The cat will have to stay outside the house tonight.

c) Then we shall have as many cats as we have pigeons.

3. We’re going to get into hot water when we arrive home.

a) We’re going to take a nice hot bath.

b) We’re going to have a trouble.

c) The water will have become hot then.

4. The boss is like a bear with a sore head today.

a) He has a very bad headache.

b) He is in bad mood.

c) He badly needs a haircut.

5. What’s happened? You look as if you’ve been in the wars.

a) You look like an old soldier.

b) You are wearing a lot of medals.

c) You look as though something unpleasant has happened to you.

6. My fingers are all thumbs!

a) I am extremely clumsy.

b) My fingers are all very thick.

c) I’m trying to attract your attention.

7. The Jacksons are terribly hard up.

a) They live a very long way up the hill.

b) They are extremely poor.

c) They are very cruel people.

5. Воспользуйтесь толковым словарем или Интернет-ресурсами и составьте устойчивые словосочетания из слов, данных в двух колонках. Переведите их на русский язык. Составьте свои предложения с получившимися идиомами.

1. cock and …	a. blood
2. cut and …	b. bull
3. flesh and …	c. chattels
4. goods and …	d. cons
5. hard and …	e. dried
6. head and …	f. ends
7. hide and …	g. fast
8. high and …	h. mighty
9. odds and …	i. nail
10. prim and …	j. proper
11. pros and …	k. seek
12. sick and …	l. shoulders
13. spick and …	m. span
14. tooth and …	n. tear
15. wear and …	o. tired

6. В идиоматических выражениях часто используются сравнения человеческих качеств с различными животными, посредством сравнительного оборота as … as … . Воспользуйтесь толковым словарем или Интернет-ресурсами и составьте устойчивые словосочетания из слов, данных в двух колонках. Переведите их на русский язык. Составьте свои предложения с получившимися идиомами.

1. as white as …	a. a mule
2. as red as …	b. a hunter
3. as ugly as …	c. honey
4. as hungry as …	d. a mouse
5. as light as …	e. hills
6. as firm as …	f. a feather
7. as obstinate as …	g. a sin
8. as old as …	h. a sheet
9. as quiet as …	i. a rock
10. as sweet as …	j. a lobster