9. Прочитайте текст и подчеркните предложения с конструкцией Complex Subject. Переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

In 1766 Catherine the Great called Legislative Commission. The aim of the Commission was reported to codify and modernize Russian law and life. Although she had no desire to grant her subjects a constitution, ‘the Nakaz’ or ‘Instruction’, which she prepared for Legislative Commission seemed to be a liberal document. Catherine the Great was known to have been inspired by the jurist Enlightenment, particularly by Montesquieu and Baccaria. She followed Baccaria’s treatise “Crime and Punishment”, thus “the ‘Instruction’ denounced capital punishment as well as torture, argued for crime prevention”. The ‘Instruction’ is sure to have produced a strong impression in a number of European countries and it was banned in France.

10. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя конструкцию Complex Subject.

1. Считается, что допетровская Россия была малоизвестным азиатским государством.

2. Говорят, что просвещение медленно распространялось среди детей знати. Поэтому Петр I издал указ, по которому дети дворян должны были учиться грамоте и математике, а тем, кто не хотел учиться, запрещалось жениться.

3. Утверждается, что Петр I сделал огромный вклад в развитие России, хотя его реформы были зачастую жестокими.

4. Известно, что Петр I издал указ об учреждении Академии наук в 1724 году.

5. Говорят, что Петр I очень ценил добродетели: благородство, честность и мужество.

11. Переведите слова на английский язык, найдите и обведите их на буквенной карте.

Поднимать (парус, флаг), полоска, главный, толкование, добродетель, знамя, благородство, честность, мужество, договор, формальный.

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12. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. When did the state emblem of two-headed eagle first appear in Russia?

2. How long did the two-headed eagle remain the state emblem of the Russian State?

3. When was the ancient emblem replaced?

4. When did the two-headed eagle regain its status of the national emblem?

5. What is the most common interpretation of the two-headed eagle?

6. What does St. George symbolize?

TEXT

STATE EMBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

As the state emblem a two-headed eagle first appeared in Russia in the XV century (at that time - the Kingdom of Moscovia). It came from Byzantium with Sophia Paleolog, the niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor, who became the wife of Ivan III, the Grand Duke of Moscow.

Going through some changes the two-headed eagle remained the national emblem of the Russian State for more than four hundred years. After the October Revolution of 1917 it was replaced by the emblem of Soviet Russia consisting of a hammer-and-sickle against the red background surrounded with sunrays and framed in golden spikes of wheat, and the inscriptions “Soviet Russia” and “Proletarians of All Countries, Unite!”.

The two-headed eagle regained its status of the national emblem in accordance with the Presidential Decree of November 30, 1993. It was officially adopted by the Federal Law of December 25, 2000.

There are different interpretations of this symbol. The most common version says that two heads of the eagle symbolize two parts of the world (Europe and Asia) on which Russia is situated, and their equal importance for the country.

The sceptre (originally – mace, a striking weapon) symbolizes defence of sovereignty.

The orb (the sphere) is a symbol of unity, integrity of the state.

The red (purple) colour has traditionally been the Emperor’s colour, the gold colour symbolized eternity.

The three crowns (the third crown appeared on the emblem in 1625) originally were thought to symbolize the three great khanates conquered by Russia – the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian. Then they were interpreted as a symbol of the Holy Trinity and later – as the unity of three nations – Russian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian.

The shield with a knight portrayed on the eagle’s chest is the ancient emblem of Moscow. Since 1730, the knight has been called Saint George, Bearer of Victory, striking the Serpent, symbolizing the fight of Good against Evil. At the same time this symbol points out that Moscow is the heart of Russia.