- •Table of contents
- •Introduction
- •Theme 1 communication
- •1. Communication Structure. How do people communicate?
- •2. Objectives of communication
- •3. Communication skills
- •4. Channels of communication
- •5. Barriers to Communication
- •6. Success in communication
- •Please engage brain before opening mouth
- •7. Basic forms of communication
- •Verbal Communication
- •8. Communication spheres of translators
- •Reader Theme 2. Intercultural communication
- •1. Culture of communication
- •2. Intercultural communication
- •3. Translators in Cross-Cultural Communication
- •4. Culture and entertainment
- •Theme 3
- •Verbal communication
- •1. Verbal Communication
- •Verbal languages
- •2. Culture of verbal communication
- •Verbal Etiquette
- •3. Semantic and social nature of language
- •Introductions
- •3. Verbal Activities
- •Theme 4 telephoning
- •Introduction. Nowadays, even with e-mail and the Internet, the telephone is still the most common means of communication in business. Telephone is very important in modern business operations.
- •Words are missed
- •Words are misheard
- •The message is misunderstood.
- •Reader. Theme 5. Non-verbal communication
- •4.1. Introduction
- •4.2. Classification of non-verbal communication
- •4.3. Intercultural differences in non-verbal communication
- •4.4. Visiting another country
- •4.5. Professional skills of translators
- •Theme 6 Applying for a job
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The application itself
- •If possible make a photocopy of the blank form before you start. Use this to make a rough copy and then you can be sure that the final version is laid out as neatly as possible.
- •3. Interview
- •4. Translator in a job interview
- •Information to bring to an interview:
- •5. Cross-cultural interviews
- •6. Job interviews in the usa compared with other cultures
- •Reader. Theme 7
- •Interpersonal communication at work
- •1. Interpersonal Communication
- •2. Interpersonal skills
- •3. Communication climate
- •4. Relations and Processes in Workplace
- •5. People in the Office Environment
- •Reader. Theme 8. Meetings
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Types of meetings
- •3. Meeting procedure
- •Place a watch or clock in a prominent position so you are able to keep an eye on the time.
- •4. Chairing meetings
- •5. Duties of members (attendees, participants) at a meeting
- •6. Teleconferencing
- •7. International meetings
- •8. Business etiquette of the translator
- •8. Vocabulary. Meetings
- •Writing an agenda
- •An example of formal minutes
- •Reader Theme 9. Negotiations
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Types of negotiations
- •3. Stages in negotiation
- •4. Cross-cultural negotiations
- •1. The basis of the relationship
- •2. Information at negotiations
- •3. Negotiation styles
- •5. Grammar of diplomacy in negotiations
- •10 Being open to negotiation. The -ing forms.
- •12. Verbs patterns with recommend / suggest /advise
- •Reader. Unit 10. Presentation
- •1. Public communication
- •2. Presentation
- •Translator and presentation
- •3. From the life of famous orators
- •4. Preparation to presentation
- •5. Delivering a presentation
- •6. Language.
- •6. Public Communication in different cultures
- •7. Presentation language
Introductions
Before an event, use your address book or your "people database" to refresh your memory about the people you are likely to meet.
If you forget someone's name, you can sometimes "cover" by introducing a person you do know first. "Do you know my Joe Smith, one of our account reps?", which will usually get the unknown person to introduce him or herself.
Cultural differences in formality
Another consideration is that there are cultural differences concerning how informal and formal different social situations are expected to be. Some cultures are much more formal in the workplace than Britain and colleagues would generally call each other by their titles and surnames. Cross-cultural differences also exist in how formality and informality are indicated. For example, until recently the French tended to avoid the use of first names until much further into a relationship than would be normal in Britain.
Another interesting cross-cultural example is that in the UK adults tend to show off and be outspoken in formal situations but pe more reserved in informal ones. In the USA it tends to be the other way around. Look at MPs' behaviour in the Commons compared to Congress in the USA and you will see this quite clearly. Gregory Bateson, the anthropologist who first described this difference, suggested that it was due to different child-rearing practice~: in the USA adults watch children showing off, in the UK children watch adults showing off, alt hough such differences may be eroding. As a result, the British often find Americans remarkably quiet a~ conferences and seminars, while Americans find the British rather rude a,nd outspoken. Then they go off to meet socially and are puzzled as their colleagues transform into the apparent opposite.
3. Verbal Activities
Communication requires a symbolic activity, sometimes via a language.
Verbal activities include speaking, writing, listening, reading, translating.
Speaking and writing. Speaking and writing are the ways of sending verbal information. When it comes to sending common and business messages, speaking is more common than writing. Giving instructions, conducting interviews, working in small groups, attending meetings, and making speeches are all important activities. Writing is important too. When you want to send a complex message of lasting significance, you will probably do it in writing.
Written communication offers different challenges from spoken interaction. In one way, writing is easier than speaking, in that it is not usually spontaneous. There is time to think about what the sender has sent and what the reply should contain. On the other hand, speaking is more natural, and writing more contrived; it is a skill what needs to be learned.
Listening and reading. Listening and reading are the ways of receiving verbal information. People in common life and business spend more time obtaining information than transmitting it. Obtaining and remembering information takes a special effort. Unfortunately, most of us are not very good listeners and readers. We typically remember only half of what was said. Readers have trouble extracting the important points from a document.
Listening and reading require a similar approach. The first step is to register the information, which means that you must focus your attention. You must then interpret and evaluate the information, respond in some fashion, and file away the data for future reference.
Effective listening
A wise ancient Greek philosopher said once, «We have two ears and one tongue to listen more than to speak», and he is absolutely right. However, still not the most of people apply this wisdom in their lives. Even speaking one language, using the same words, we can rarely understand what an other person says. This thing happens because people during a conversation are too attentive to what they are going to say to create a good impression. Sometimes we forget about the simplest way to move the feelings of interlocutor – about effective listening.
I used those techniques for effective listening, and I am sure they are really effective.
Translating is the way of both receiving and sending information in intercultural context; it is a change of speech or writing from one language into another.
The effective listening skill is very important in relations with people. Some of us can hear what others say, but can not listen. It is matter of common sense: to listen is the simplest way to create a good impression.