2. 6. Modals.

Can

Must

Have to

Should

Need

Ability

E.g. I can swim

-Request

E.g. Can you help me?

-Permission

E.g. Can I close the window?

Could

in the past

Obligation

(from inside)

E.g. I must do my homework

Obligation

(from outside, rule)

E.g. doctors have to wear uniforms

Advice

E.g. You should see a doctor.

Necessity

E.g. I need to go to the supermarket.

Can’t

Mustn’t

Not have to

Shouldn’t

Needn’t

Inability

E.g. I can’t do this

Forbidden

E.g. You mustn’t cross the street on the red light.

Not necessary

E.g. We don’t have to go to work on Sundays.

Not good thing

E.g. You shouldn’t smoke.

Not necessary

E.g. You needn’t leave now.

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

Long form

Short form

I have watched

You have watched

He has watched

She has watched

It has watched

We have watched

You have watched

They have watched

I have not watched

You have not watched

He has not watched

She has not watched

It has not watched

We have not watched

You have not watched

They have not watched

I haven’t watched

You haven’t watched

He hasn’t watched

She hasn’t watched

It hasn’t watched

We haven’t watched

You haven’t watched

They haven’t watched

Have I watched?

Have you watched?

Has he watched?

Has she watched?

Has it watched?

Have we watched?

Have you watched?

Have they watched?

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

Long form

Short form

I have seen

You have seen

He has seen

She has seen

It has seen

We have seen

You have seen

They have seen

I have not seen

You have not seen

He has not seen

She has not seen

It has not seen

We have not seen

You have not seen

They have not seen

I haven’t seen

You haven’t seen

He hasn’t seen

She hasn’t seen

It hasn’t seen

We haven’t seen

You haven’t seen

They haven’t seen

Have I seen?

Have you seen?

Has he seen?

Has she seen?

Has it seen?

Have we seen?

Have you seen?

Have they seen?

Rule

The Present Perfect is used for:

• For actions which started in the past and have result in present

E.g. She has just written a report.

• For actions which started in the past and are still going on.

E.g. I have worked here for 5 years.

• Past experience.

E.g. Have you ever been to London?

since, for, how long, ever, never, yet, just, already, so far, recently

Gone

Been

E.g. She has gone to Japan.

E.g. She has been to Japan.

(means she went to Japan and hasn’t come back yet. Now she is there)

(means she went there and has already come back. Now she is here)

How long

Is used in questions to ask about duration.

E.g. How long have you worked here?

For

Since

Is used to express a period.

E.g. I have worked here for 6 years.

Is used to state a starting point.

E.g. I have worked here since 2005.

Already

Just

Yet

are used in statements and go between the verb have and the past participle.

is used in questions and negations and goes at the end of the sentence.

E.g. They have already packed their suitcases

E.g. I've just phoned him.

E g. Have you posted the letter yet? He hasn't written to me yet.

Ever

Never

is used in questions and goes between the verb have and the past participle.

is used to make a negative statement and goes between the verb have and the past participle

E.g. Have you ever travelled abroad?

E.g. I have never travelled abroad.