- •Introduction
- •1.1. Nouns.
- •1. 2. Articles. Indefinite article “a / An”. Definite article “The”.
- •1.3. Pronouns. Possessive adjectives.
- •1.4. Prepositions of time.
- •1.5. The verb “to be”.
- •1.6. Present Simple
- •1.8. Types of questions.
- •1.9. There is / there are.
- •1.10. Countable / Uncountable nouns.
- •1. 11. Some / any.
- •1. 12. Past simple.
- •2.1. Degrees of comparison.
- •2.2. A lot of / much / many a little / a few.
- •2.3. Present Continuous.
- •2.4. Present Simple versus Present Continuous.
- •2.5. The Future.
- •2. 6. Modals.
- •2.7. Present perfect.
- •Regular verb
- •Irregular verb
- •2. 8. Present Perfect versus Past Simple.
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Appendix.
- •1.1. Nouns.
- •1. 2. Articles. Indefinite article “a / An”. Definite article “The”.
- •1.3. Pronouns. Possessive adjectives.
- •1.4. Prepositions of time.
- •1.5. The verb “to be”.
- •1.6. Present Simple
- •1.8. Types of questions.
- •1.9. There is / there are.
- •1.10. Countable / Uncountable nouns.
- •1. 11. Some / any.
- •1. 12. Past simple.
- •2.1. Degrees of comparison.
- •2.2. A lot of / much / many a little / a few.
- •2.3. Present Continuous.
- •2.4. Present Simple versus Present Continuous.
- •2.5. The Future.
- •2. 6. Modals.
- •2.7. Present Perfect.
- •Regular verb
- •Irregular verb
- •2. 8. Present Perfect versus Past Simple.
- •Literature
- •83018, М. Донецьк-18, вул Васнєцова, 2а
1.10. Countable / Uncountable nouns.
Countable |
Uncountable |
Countable nouns are nouns which we can count (a table / two tables) and can be in the singular and plural. |
Uncountable nouns are nouns which we can not count and they have no plural form.(bread, honey, water, coffee, gold, love, etc) Money, hair, news, advice, snow, weather ,etc |
A /An (singular) E.g. A flower, an apple |
Some Some water, some chocolate. |
Some (plural) There are some oranges on the table. |
Some uncountable nouns can be countable with these words:
bottle, piece, loaf, cup, bar, glass, kilo, carton, bowl, can, jug, tin, packet, etc |
E.g. A bottle of champagne, a piece of cake, etc.
1. 11. Some / any.
Some |
Any |
+ We use some in positive sentences. E.g. There is some water in the bottle. |
- We use any in negative sentences. E.g. There is not any water in the bottle. |
? |
|
We use some when we offer something: Would you like some water? or ask for something: Can I have some water, please? |
We use any in most questions. E.g. Is there any water in the bottle? |
E.g. We have got some cheese, but we haven’t got any bread.
You can have some coffee, but I don’t want any.
Would you like some tea?
I haven’t got any money. Can you lend me some?
1. 12. Past simple.
Rule.
The Past Simple of the verb “to be” is was (I, he, she, it) and were (you, we, they).
E.g. Last year he was in London.
Last year they were in London.
We form questions with the help of inversion.
E.g. Was he in London last year?
Were they in London last year?
We form the negative sentences with the help of not to the verb.
E.g. Last year he was not in London.
Last year they were not in London.
Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
|
|
Long form |
Short form |
|
I was You were He was She was It was We were You were They were |
I was not You were not He was not She was not It was not We were not You were not They were not |
I wasn’t You weren’t He wasn’t She wasn’t It wasn’t We weren’t You weren’t They weren’t |
Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were you? Were they? |
Rule.
We use the past Simple for actions which finished at a definite time in the past.
Time expressions
yesterday, last week, last month, last year, two days / weeks /months / years ago, in 1966 etc. |
Rule.
There are regular and irregular verbs, they have different forms. To know whether the verb is regular or not you should see the list of irregular verbs.
Regular verbs |
Irregular verbs |
+ |
|
We add the ending –ed to the main verb. E.g. Work – worked Play – played I worked in Paris 2 years ago. |
Change its form E.g. Go – went See – saw I went to Paris 2 years ago. |
? We form the questions with the help of the auxiliary verb did and the infinitive. |
|
Did I work in Paris 2 years ago? |
Did I go to Paris 2 years ago? |
- We form negations with did+ not and the infinitive. |
|
I did not work in Paris 2 years ago. |
I did not go to Paris 2 years ago. |
Rule.
Verbs ending in –e take only d.
E.g. Like – liked
Verbs ending in a consonant -y, drop the y and take –ied
E.g. Study – studied
Verbs ending in a vowel - y, take –ed
E.g. Play – played, stay – stayed.
Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants double the last consonant and take –ed.
E.g. Stop – stopped
Verbs ending in one l, double the l and take –ed
E.g. Travel – travelled.