- •Introduction
- •1.1. Nouns.
- •1. 2. Articles. Indefinite article “a / An”. Definite article “The”.
- •1.3. Pronouns. Possessive adjectives.
- •1.4. Prepositions of time.
- •1.5. The verb “to be”.
- •1.6. Present Simple
- •1.8. Types of questions.
- •1.9. There is / there are.
- •1.10. Countable / Uncountable nouns.
- •1. 11. Some / any.
- •1. 12. Past simple.
- •2.1. Degrees of comparison.
- •2.2. A lot of / much / many a little / a few.
- •2.3. Present Continuous.
- •2.4. Present Simple versus Present Continuous.
- •2.5. The Future.
- •2. 6. Modals.
- •2.7. Present perfect.
- •Regular verb
- •Irregular verb
- •2. 8. Present Perfect versus Past Simple.
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Appendix.
- •1.1. Nouns.
- •1. 2. Articles. Indefinite article “a / An”. Definite article “The”.
- •1.3. Pronouns. Possessive adjectives.
- •1.4. Prepositions of time.
- •1.5. The verb “to be”.
- •1.6. Present Simple
- •1.8. Types of questions.
- •1.9. There is / there are.
- •1.10. Countable / Uncountable nouns.
- •1. 11. Some / any.
- •1. 12. Past simple.
- •2.1. Degrees of comparison.
- •2.2. A lot of / much / many a little / a few.
- •2.3. Present Continuous.
- •2.4. Present Simple versus Present Continuous.
- •2.5. The Future.
- •2. 6. Modals.
- •2.7. Present Perfect.
- •Regular verb
- •Irregular verb
- •2. 8. Present Perfect versus Past Simple.
- •Literature
- •83018, М. Донецьк-18, вул Васнєцова, 2а
2.1. Degrees of comparison.
Rule.
An adjective describes a noun. They go before noun. They have the same form in singular and plural and answer the question WHAT?
E.g. This is an interesting book.
He is rich.
An adverb describes a verb. They usually go after verb and answer the question HOW? WHERE? WHEN? HOW OFTEN?
E.g. He wakes up early.
It is raining heavily.
Adjective |
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
1.One syllable |
small late |
smaller later |
the smallest the latest |
2.Two syllable+y (y-i) |
happy early |
happier earlier |
the happiest the earliest |
3. Stressed vow. between cons. |
big
|
bigger |
the biggest |
4. More than two syllables |
wonderful expensive |
more wonderful more expensive |
the mostwonderful the most expensive |
5. Irregular |
good bad many/many a lot of little far |
better worse more more less farther/further |
the best the worst the most the most the least thefurthest/farthest |
Rule
We use than with comparatives when we want to show the differences between two things.
E.g. Students are younger than teachers.
We say …. Than me / him / her / us / them.
E.g. I can speak English better than him.
or I can speak English better than he can.
Rule.
We use the construction as….as, not as…as with positive form two compare things.
E.g. I am as beautiful as my mother.
2.2. A lot of / much / many a little / a few.
Countable nouns |
Uncountable nouns |
Many -, ? E.g. There aren’t many books on the table. Are there many books on the table? How many books are there on the table? |
Much -, ? There isn’t much water in the bottle. Is there much water in the bottle? How much water is there in the bottle? |
A lot of /lots of + There are a lot of books on the table. There is a lot of water in the bottle. |
|
A few / few A few means “not many but enough”. Few means “hardly any, almost none”.
E.g. There are (very) few students in the class. |
A little /little A little means “not much but enough”. Little means “hardly any, almost nothing”. E.g. I’ve got (very) little money. |
2.3. Present Continuous.
Rule
We form the present continuous with the auxiliary verb to be and the main verb with the –ing suffix.
Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
||
Long form |
Short form |
Long form |
Short form |
Am I writing?
Are you writing?
Is he writing?
Is she writing?
Is it writing? Are we writing?
Are you writing?
Are they writing? |
I am writing
You are writing He is writing
She is writing
It is writing We are writing
You are writing They are writing |
I’m writing
You’re writing
He’s writing
She’s writing
It’s writing We’re writing
You’re writing
They’re writing |
I am not writing You are not writing He is not writing She is not writing It is not writing We aren’t writing You aren’t writing They aren’t writing
|
I’m not writing
You aren’t writing He isn’t writing
She isn’t writing It isn’t writing We aren’t writing You aren’t writing They aren’t writing |
|
Rule
Verbs ending in –e drop the –e and take the –ing.
E.g. make-making
Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants, double the last consonant and take the –ing.
E.g. sit-sitting, swim-swimming
Verbs ending in –l, double the l and take the –ing
E.g. travel-travelling
Verbs ending in –ie, drop the –ie and take –y+-ing.
E.g. lie-lying, die-dying
Rule |
Time expressions
Now, at the moment, at present
These days, nowadays, still
Today, tonight |
The Present Continuous is used for: |
|
E.g. You are reading now. |
|
E.g. She is working for a company. |
|
E.g. This time we are staying at this hotel. |
|
E.g. We are going to the cinema tonight. |