2.7. Present perfect.

Rule.

We form Present Perfect with the auxiliary verb have / has and the past participle. We form the past participle of the regular verbs by adding –ed to the verb.

If the verb is irregular we have to see the past participle of the irregular verbs in the list.

Regular verb

Affirmative	Negative		Interrogative
	Long form	Short form
I have watched You have watched He has watched She has watched It has watched We have watched You have watched They have watched	I have not watched You have not watched He has not watched She has not watched It has not watched We have not watched You have not watched They have not watched	I haven’t watched You haven’t watched He hasn’t watched She hasn’t watched It hasn’t watched We haven’t watched You haven’t watched They haven’t watched	Have I watched? Have you watched? Has he watched? Has she watched? Has it watched? Have we watched? Have you watched? Have they watched?

Irregular verb

Affirmative	Negative		Interrogative
	Long form	Short form
I have seen You have seen He has seen She has seen It has seen We have seen You have seen They have seen	I have not seen You have not seen He has not seen She has not seen It has not seen We have not seen You have not seen They have not seen	I haven’t seen You haven’t seen He hasn’t seen She hasn’t seen It hasn’t seen We haven’t seen You haven’t seen They haven’t seen	Have I seen? Have you seen? Has he seen? Has she seen? Has it seen? Have we seen? Have you seen? Have they seen?

Rule

The Present Perfect is used for:

For actions which started in the past and have result in present E.g. She has just written a report.

For actions which started in the past and are still going on. E.g. I have worked here for 5 years.

Past experience. E.g. Have you ever been to London?

Time expressions.

since, for, how long, ever, never, yet, just, already, so far, recently

1. Write the past participle of the following verbs.

Infinitive	Past participle	Infinitive	Past participle	Infinitive	Past participle
see cut work leave deal bring swim buy drink go		write do have teach give make arrive catch read ring		send say take lose learn wash eat understand speak know

2. Ask and answer questions using the prompts.

E.g. Have you seen Mary?

Yes, I have seen her.

1. you / see / Mary / Yes.

2. Jim / eat / his meal / No.

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

3. John / talk to / his parents /Yes

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

4. she / read / that book / No

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

5. they / clean / their house / Yes

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

6. Mark / buy / a new bike / Yes

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

7. you / phone / your father / No

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Present Perfect.

1. My friend ...has opened .. (open) a flower shop in the village.

2. I ………………………… (not / do) my homework yet.

3. The baker ………………………… (bake) many loaves of bread.

4. ………………………… (you / send) aunt Margaret a birthday card yet?

5. Grandma ………………………… (water) the flowers.

6. I ………………………… (lose) my gloves.

7. ……………………………………………. (Fiona and Andrew / move) to a new house yet?

8. He ………………………… (not / finish) his lunch yet.

9. Beth ………………………… (knit) a beautiful red sweater.

10. I ………………………… (forget) his address.

11. ………………………… (the doctor / take) your temperature?

12. Nigel ………………………… (write) a new book.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect.

A: What ………………………… (you / do) so far?

B: Lots of things. I ………………………… (clean) the house. I ………………………… (cook) lunch. What about you? A: I ………………………… (water) the flowers, ………………………… (wash) the dishes and I ………………………… (cut) the grass.

5. Mary is 65 years old . She has had an interesting life. Write sentences about her using Present Perfect.

1. (she / do / many different jobs)

She has done many different jobs.

2. (she / travel / to many places)

………………………………………………………………………………..

3. (she / do / a lot of interesting things)

………………………………………………………………………………..

4. (she / write / ten books)

………………………………………………………………………………..

5. (she / meet / a lot of interesting people)

……………………………………………………………………………….. 6. (she / be / married five times)

………………………………………………………………………………..

Rule.

Gone	Been
E.g. She has gone to Japan.	E.g. She has been to Japan.
(means she went to Japan and hasn’t come back yet. Now she is there)	(means she went there and has already come back. Now she is here)

6. Fill in gone or been.

1. He's on holiday at the moment. He's ….gone…. to Spain.

2. “Where’s Jill?” “She's not here. I think she's ………………… to the bank.”

3. “Hello, Pat. Where have you ………………… ?” “I've ………………… to the bank.”

4. “Have you ever ………………… to Mexico?” “No, never.”

5. My parents aren't at home this evening. They’ve ………………… out.

6. There’s a new restaurant in town. Have you………………… to it?

7. Paris is a wonderful city. I've ………………… there many times.

8. Helen was here earlier but I think she's ………………… now.

Rule.

How long Is used in questions to ask about duration. E.g. How long have you worked here?
For	Since
Is used to express a period. E.g. I have worked here for 6 years.	Is used to state a starting point. E.g. I have worked here since 2005.

7. Complete these sentences with present perfect.

1. Jill is in London. She …. has been … in London since Monday.

2. I know George. I ……………………………. him for a long time.

3. They are married. They ……………………………. married since 2003.

4. Brian is ill. He ……………………………. for a week.

5. We live in this house. We ……………………………. here for ten years.

6. I know Tom very well. I ……………………………. him for a long time.

7. We are waiting for you. We ……………………………. waiting since 8 o’clock.

8. Alice works in a bank. She ……………………………. in a bank for five years.

9. I'm learning English. I ……………………………. learning English for six months.

10. She has a headache. She ……………………………. a headache since she got up.

8. Make questions with How long….?

1. Jill is in London. …. How long has she been in London?....

2. I know George.

………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Mike and Judy are in Brazil.

………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Diana is learning Italian.

………………………………………………………………………………..

5. My bother lives in Germany.

………………………………………………………………………………..

6. It is raining.

………………………………………………………………………………..

7. Bill is a teacher.

………………………………………………………………………………..

8. I know Margaret.

………………………………………………………………………………..

9. I have a motor-bike.

………………………………………………………………………………..

10. Linda and Frank are married.

………………………………………………………………………………..

9. Ask and answer questions.

E.g. How long has Jenny lived here?

She has lived here for three years.

1. Jenny / live here / three years.

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Kim / be / a teacher / 1995.

………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………..

3. They / work / here / six months.

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Peter / know / them / last year.

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Rob / be / ill / Tuesday.

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

10. Fill in for or since.

1. She's been in London ………………… Monday.

2. She's been in London ………………… two days.

3. Mike has been ill ………………… a long time. He's been in hospital ………………… October.

4. My aunt has lived in Australia ………………… 15 years.

5. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ………………… many years.

6. Mrs Harris is in her office She's been there ………………… 7 o'clock.

7. India has been an independent country ………………… 1947.

8. The bus is late. We've been waiting ………………… 20 minutes.

11. Complete the sentences with for or since.

1. She is in London now. She arrived there four days ago.

…. She has been there for four days….

2. Jack is here. He arrived here on Thursday.

………………………………………………………………………………..

3. It is raining. It started an hour ago.

………………………………………………………………………………..

4. I know Sue. I first met Sue two years ago.

………………………………………………………………………………..

5. I have a camera. I bought it in 1985.

………………………………………………………………………………..

6. They are married. They got married six months ago.

………………………………………………………………………………..

7. Liz is studying medicine at university. She started three years ago.

………………………………………………………………………………..

12. Write sentences about yourself. Begin with the words in brackets

1. (I've lived) ………………………………………………………………………………..

2. (I've been)

………………………………………………………………………………..

3. (I've been learning)

………………………………………………………………………………..

4. (I've had)

………………………………………………………………………………..

5. (I've known)

………………………………………………………………………………..

Rule.

Already	Just	Yet
are used in statements and go between the verb have and the past participle.		is used in questions and negations and goes at the end of the sentence.
E.g. They have already packed their suitcases	E.g. I've just phoned him.	E g. Have you posted the letter yet? He hasn't written to me yet.

13. Ask and answer questions.

E.g. Have you eaten dinner yet?

Yes, I have already eaten dinner.

Have you done your homework yet?

No, I haven’t done my homework yet.

1. (you / eat / dinner) - (Yes)

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

2. (they / do / their homework) - (No)

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

3. (Tom / write / the letter) – (Yes)

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

4. (Sophia / watch / the news) - (No)

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

5. (Mum / clean / the house) - (No)

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

6. (they / do / the shopping) – (Yes)

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

7. (you / wash / the clothes) - (Yes)

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

8. (Bob/go/to bed) - (No)

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

Rule.

Ever	Never
is used in questions and goes between the verb have and the past participle.	is used to make a negative statement and goes between the verb have and the past participle
E.g. Have you ever travelled abroad?	E.g. I have never travelled abroad.

14. Write sentences using the time expressions in brackets, as in example.

1. You have been to America.

(ever) Have you ever been to America?

(never) I have never been to America.

2. Molly has worked in an office.

(ever) ……………………………………………………………………

(never) …………………………………………………………………..

3. Colin has gone home.

(yet) …………………………………………………………………….

(already) ………………………………………………………………..

4. Ralph and Wendy have eaten breakfast. (yet) …………………………………………………………………….

(just) ……………………………………………………………………

15. Fill in the gaps with yet, recently, how long, never, since, just, so far, for or ever.

1. How long…have you been a teacher?

2. Kate has ………………….. cleaned the window.

3. Have you ………………….. been to Egypt?

3. Sandra has ………………….. driven a car before.

4. I haven’t invited anyone to the party ………………….. .

5. She has only written one letter………………….. .

6. You have known them ………………….. five years.

7. He hasn't phoned ………………….. Sunday.

8. Toby has ………………….. bought a dog.