Grammar review

1. Equivalents of the modal verb must – to be to; to have to. 2. Conditional sentences.

Ex. 11. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the equivalents of the modal verb must.

1. I think you are to delete the second paragraph.

2. The secretary was to email the letters to the clients yesterday.

3. Users have to enter a password to gain access to a network.

4. The method of this experiment isn't correct. We will have to repeat the experiment once again.

5. A new program has to be written for these specific calculations.

6. The BBC had to respond to more than 300 phone calls after last night’s programme.

7. You will have to check the figures one more time – we don't want any mistakes.

8. To install the software, first you have to load a small installer program to your machine.

9. We were to delay the meeting because the documents were not ready.

10. To activate a peripheral device, the user is to install a specific driver.

11. That security guy never recognizes me. I always have to show him my ID.

12. After loading the software, you are to restart the PC.

Ex. 12. Express the idea in (a) Past, (b) Future.

1. Computer-controlled robots must increase the productivity of industry.

2. To solve scientific problems, researchers must deal with the language of science – mathematics.

3. She should change the plug on her hairdryer.

4. The telephone company must increase its workforce by 10 percent.

5. We must delete something else to install the new software.

6. He should look for the information on the Internet.

7. At many companies, employees should attend classes in order to become computer literate.

8. The engineers must make major improvements on this device to do the experiment successfully.

Ex. 13. Using modal verbs (must, should) and their equivalents (to be to, to have to), give some recommendations for taking care of software stored on disks or tapes. Use the information below and your background knowledge.

Model: Before opening disks, scan them for viruses.

You are to scan disks for viruses before opening them.

1. Handle disks carefully.

2. Never touch their recording surfaces.

3. Never bend disks.

4. Keep disks and tapes away from magnetic fields, e.g. the top of a monitor.

5. Do not expose them to damp, extreme temperatures or dust.

6. Keep disks in envelopes, cassettes in cases.

7. Use a felt tip pen to write on disk labels.

8. Use good quality tapes, of a suitable length.

9. Make back-up copies of programs on disks or tapes.

10. Store disks in a suitable, secure place.

Ex. 14. Give English equivalents (two or three variants if possible) to the italicized words.

1. We пришлось hear about the whole journey from beginning to end.

2. Тебе придётся speed up your rate of work if you должен finish it by the specified date.

3. Data is the particular information that должна be processed by the computer, e.g. numbers, names, measurements.

4. Scanners provide faster and more accurate data entry because humans не нужно type in the data.

5. Ему приходится look through vast amounts of economic data.

6. The Mark I computer должен был be used for calculations related to the development of atomic bomb.

7. Nowadays if you want to get a good job, you следует be computer literate.

8. In the Babbage’s Analytical Engine, instructions должны были be input by means of punched cards.

Ex. 15. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the equivalents of the modal verb must.

1. The ENIAC computer had to be rewired each time when its program was to be changed.

2. A program is a set of instructions that tell the computer what operations have to be carried out and in what order they should be done.

3. You will have to go through a series of dialogue boxes to install the software.

4. Ch. Babbage’s computing machine was to have the same components as a modern computer.

5. The video game called Space Invaders was so popular in Japan that the government had to quadruple production of the 100-yen coin because so many were being used in the machines.

6. Data, which is put into the computer for processing, is to be coded into a binary form.

7. If your modem and telephone share one line, the problem arises when someone else has to phone while modem is in use.

8. To protect the user from radiation, the special protection screen had to be placed between him and the monitor.

Ex. 16. Define the type of the conditional clause and translate the sentences.

1. If the system crashes, we will lose all our latest data.

2. Had Ch. Babbage got additional financing, he would have completed his Analytical Engine.

3. If we couldn’t feed the information in and get results out, computers wouldn’t be of much use.

4. Unless the graphic user interface had been devised, applications software would have been more difficult to use.

5. If you look at the screen for too long, you will get a headache.

6. If semiconductors hadn't been invented, the development of electronics would be much slower.

7. Provided we installed a fax machine and e-mail facility, we would not post so many letters every day.

8. If integrated circuits hadn't been developed, the size of computers would not have been reduced.

9. The data will not be sent on to the computer unless the operator presses an enter key on the keyboard.

10. If a person did the same job as a computer, he would be dead long before the job was finished.

Ex. 17. Match the if-clauses (1 to 6) to the main clauses (a to f) to make complete sentences.

If the Apple Computer company had not introduced the GUI,… If you or I add up two numbers of six figures without a calculator,... If you had chosen a more complicated program,… If I had the time,... If robots are more widely used in industry,… If we had an access to the database,…

your computer would have solved this problem. I would help you to solve the problem. But I must be off. their Macintosh computer would not have been successful. it will take us a lot of time. we would find the required information quickly. the number of workers will be reduced.

Ex. 18. Complete the sentences with the required predicates. Consult the box. Are the sentences the first, second or third conditionals?

The virus ___ as soon as you ___ the infected floppy in your PC. Consumers ___ the new software if it ___ so expensive. If he ___ his invention, he ___ a lot of money. Provided you ___ more than 10 CDs, we ___ the cost of each disk by 10%. If you ___ on a source file in the list, the text editor ___ that file. The office manager ___ the documents in time if the printer ___.

would use bought will spread would have typed had patented double click were not will open had been repaired would have made should reduce put

Ex. 19. Read and translate the text.

HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER