Grammar review

1. Present, Past, Future Perfect Active and Passive. 2. Questions to the Subject.

Ex. 10. Give the third form of the following verbs. Mind the reading of the -ed ending!

to place, to have, to read, to introduce, to compose, to be, to find, to consist, to retrieve, to do, to receive, to make, to tell, to use, to think, to execute, to distribute, to consider, to move, to write, to give, to erase, to hear, to fall, to see, to go, to compare, to come, to search, to begin, to increase, to speak, to become, to reduce, to call, to take, to understand, to discuss, to control, to send, to draw, to attach, to know, to mean, to switch, to say, to obtain, to perform, to build.

Ex. 11. Read and translate the sentences. Define the tense form of the predicates. Say that you (your friend) have / has done (had done, will have done) the same using too or as well.

Model: I have translated the article. What about your friend? – My friend has translated the article too.

1. Nick has been a programmer since his graduation from the University. What about you?

2. I haven't had time yet to check my email this morning. What about your friend?

3. My friend said that he had already deinstalled this game. What about you?

4. I will have compiled this program by tomorrow. What about your friend?

5. Ann has just switched her computer off. What about you?

6. After they had loaded the program, they restarted the computer. What about you?

7. The students have studied programming for 3 years. What about your friend?

8. He will have fixed the microphone by the beginning of the conference. What about you?

9. You have probably known about computers since your childhood. What about your friend?

10. The company has installed new lighting system to save energy costs. What about you?

Ex. 12. Say the same using the Passive Voice.

(A) Model: He has written two letters today.

Two letters have been written by him today.

1. I think you have made the correct decision.

2. W. Oughtred had constructed the first slide-rule by 1630.

3. He has saved the file to the hard drive as a PDF.

4. We have installed new anti-virus software.

5. The specialists will have completed the installation of the new security system by tomorrow's evening.

6. Integrated circuit technology had greatly reduced the size of computers by the beginning of the 1980s.

7. People have used abacus since the earliest days.

8. The new application program has somehow corrupted the system files.

(B) Model: This company produces PCs.

PCs are produced by this company.

1. B. Pascal built an adding machine in 1642.

2. The scientists were carrying out an important experiment when the power was suddenly cut off.

3. He said that he had never received the fax from us.

4. Any computer performs four basic arithmetic operations.

5. He is typing the list of new students now.

6. We will place the + sign between these numerals.

7. John was installing the new electronic game on the computer when the boss suddenly came into the office.

8. Software instructs the hardware how to conduct operations and in what order.

9. I have erased some temporary files from the hard disk.

10. The famous Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov compiled a lot of calculating tables.

11. The participants of the conference were discussing the problems of artificial intelligence during the yesterday's sitting.

12. Wait, please! The program is analyzing the registry now; this might take several minutes.

Ex. 13. Translate the sentences. Define the tense / voice form of the italicized predicates.

1. My hard disk has crashed and I have lost that 5,000-word report.

2. By 1989, 32-bit microprocessors containing 1.2 million transistors and capable of executing 20 million instructions per second had been introduced.

3. Some months ago, a newspaper reported that five British banks were being held to ransom [to hold smb. to ransom – требовать выкуп] by a gang of hackers who had managed to break into their computers. The hackers were demanding money in return for revealing how they did it.

4. On their latest laptops, passwords have been replaced with fingerprint recognition.

5. E-commerce has completely changed the way we buy goods and services.

6. Zip file is a computer file that has been compressed so that it is easier to store and move.

7. According to the government's plans, the analog television signal will have been switched off in Russia by 2010. By this year, analog television will have been completely replaced by digital one.

8. All the newspapers reported that the Pentagon's security system had been broken into by unknown hackers last night.

Ex. 14. Use the verb in the required tense/voice form. Translate the sentences.

1. Error message [to appear – Present Indefinite Active] on a computer screen if you [to do – Present Perfect Active] something wrong or if the program cannot do what you [to want – Present Indefinite Active] it to do.

2. A few journalists [to allow – Past Perfect Passive] to view the film before it [to go – Past Indefinite Active] on general release.

3. The installed base (парк установленного оборудования) [to be – Present Indefinite Active] the total number of computers that [to sell – Present Perfect Passive] and [to use / still – Present Continuous Passive] by customers.

4. Blaise Pascal [to be – Past Indefinite Active] one of the greatest scientists, the world [to know / ever – Past Perfect Active].

5. Great improvements [to make – Present Perfect Passive] in the memory system of a computer since the invention of the first calculator.

6. Bill Gates was barely 20 years old but he [to run / already – Past Continuous Active] his own company.

7. E-mail [to become – Present Perfect Active] a key part of the communications networks of most modern offices.

8. Water [to get – Past Perfect Active] into the printer, and now it [to be – Past Indefinite Active] absolutely useless.

9. When free electrons [to pass – Present Continuous Active] through a conductor, an electric current [to generate – Present Continuous Passive].

10. The World Wide Web is the system on the Internet that [to allow – Present Indefinite Active] you to find and use information that [to store – Present Indefinite Passive] on computers all over the world.

11. The first electronic computer ENIAC [to develop – Past Continuous Passive] in the University of Pennsylvania from 1942 to 1946. It [to be – Past Indefinite Active] the fastest among the calculators, which [to design – Past Perfect Passive] by that time.

12. The computer automatically [to delete – Present Indefinite Active] any files that you [not / to save – Present Perfect Active].

Ex. 15. Indefinite, Continuous or Perfect? Active or Passive? Use the verb in the required tense and voice form. Translate the sentences.

1. The Toyota Co. to decide (recently) to spend $800 million a year on the development of the new electric automobile.

2. The floppies to introduce by IBM in 1972 and to use (still) as storage devices.

3. As digital computers to count quickly, they to use (widely) in business data processing.

4. Since 1982, the audio CDs to become the dominant format for Hi-Fi recorded music.

5. In 1981, only 213 computers to connect to the Internet. By 2000, their number to increase up to 216 million.

6. The leading companies to invest (now) in high-tech technologies and computer engineering.

7. Because of the accident at the hydroelectric station, the power to cut off in the whole city last night. Electric energy to restore (already) to 100 000 homes.

8. The new computer-controlled robot to test under various conditions all month long.

9. I to send him an email two weeks ago, but I not / to receive anything back yet.

10. By 1984, Microsoft to license [давать разрешение на использование] MS-DOS to 200 PC manufacturers, making MS-DOS the standard operating system for PCs.

11. Word processors usually to offer a choice of different fonts.

12. The time, date, and location of the conference to announce in advance.

Ex. 16. Use the words given in brackets and make necessary changes in the questions.

Model: Was this program developed for carrying out the most complex calculations? (lately) ↔Has this program been lately developed for carrying out the most complex calculations?

1. Did you load the software? (already)

2. Is the whole factory being computerized now? (recently)

3. Will the information be collected next week? (by the end of the next week)

4. Does the company invest a lot in IT? (this year)

5. Were microcomputers used in the 1970s? (since the 1970s)

6. Did you hear the new recording of Mozart's Requiem? (ever)

7. Does the Internet double in size every 9 to 14 months? (since the late 1970s)

8. Are his papers being typed now? (by 2 o'clock)

9. Was my name deleted from the list by mistake? (just)

10. Do people discover many phenomena of nature due to electronic devices? (already)

11. Will the group complete the record of a new album next month? (by June)

12. Did Microsoft release a new operating system known as Vista last year? (this year)

Ex. 17. Put special questions. Begin with the question-words given in brackets.

1. These simulators have been developed for training pilots. [What…for?]

2. I check my email and voicemail every evening. [How often?]

3. We obtained false data because there had been a processing error. [Why?]

4. You can connect your computer to the Internet Service Provider with a modem and your home telephone line. [How?]

5. An error code will be displayed on the screen if any invalid information has been entered. [Where?]

6. The modem plugs into the USB port on your laptop. [What port?]

7. Work on the program debugging will be complete tomorrow. [When?]

8. Until recently, none of Clarks' designers had used the CAD system. [What system?]

9. An operating system called Linux became popular in the late 1980s. [When?]

10. The printer was not working because someone had disconnected it by mistake. [Why?]

Ex. 18. Put questions to the underlined words.

1. The mechanic has located the defect in a machine immediately.

2. The references and diagrams were attached to the document.

3. Many of your suggestions have been included in the plan.

4. The government is planning for all schools to be connected to the Internet within 5 years.

5. Whales use low-frequency sounds to locate each other.

6. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

7. The disks are being scanned now for viruses.

8. New directions of research in robotics were being discussed at the last conference.

9. Einstein introduced his theory of relativity in 1915.

10. As computers are becoming more powerful and widespread, operating systems are becoming increasingly complex.

11. Many computer experts think that computers have only begun to make their mark on history.

12. Copies of the report were distributed shortly after the conference.

Ex. 19. Participle I or Participle II? Replace the infinitives by the required participles.

1. The constantly to improve graphics and sound capabilities of PCs have to make them popular tools for artists and musicians.

2. Some application programs automatically make backup copies of data files, to save both the current version and the to precede version on disk.

3. The server controls resources that are to share by the people to work at the PCs and workstations.

4. Magnetic disk, to introduce in the early 1960s, has to replace magnetic tape as the main secondary storage.

5. After the to enter information has been to process internally, we can see the results on the visual display unit.

6. The company has to spend millions of dollars, to replace outdated computer hardware.

7. Applications software is the programs to write to solve specific problems.

8. They were both aware that there might be to listen devices to hide in the room.

9. To use a display screen, you can view what you have to type and correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words.

10. Between 1937 and 1939, while to teach at Iowa State College, the American physicist John Atanasoff with the help of his assistant Clifford Berry built a computing device to call the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, or ABC.

11. He has been on the computer all morning, to chat with his friends.

12. The person to require for this job must have good word-processing skills.

Ex. 20. Give English equivalents to the italicized words.

1. There is a variety of companies предоставляющих mobile phone services in our city.

2. Windows 98 is the усовершенствованная version of Windows 95.

3. The shop offers a wide variety of software, включая educational programs, electronic dictionaries, and encyclopedias.

4. The driver is a system program управляющая the sending of data between a computer and a device that is attached to it such as a printer, a scanner, etc. Устанавливая the driver, you teach your mainboard to understand the newly подключенный device.

5. The file system is a part of the operating system обеспечивающая the control of directories and files on the disks.

6. We offer free technical support for users купившим our software.

7. There are so many companies предлагающих mobile phone and Internet services that it can be difficult to choose one.

8. A Recycle Bin allows you to recover accidentally стёртые files.

Ex. 21. TEST. Choose the required variant to complete each sentence.

1. Electronic devices ___ for scientific research since the 1940s.

A. were used C. had used

B. have been used D. was being used

2. I'm sorry I didn't call earlier, but I ___ your message a minute ago.

A. received C. had received

B. have received D. receive

3. The first fully electronic computers ___ for breaking secret military codes during World War II.

A. has been developed C. had developed

B. developed D. were being developed

4. The factory producing pirate CDs ___.

A. were closed C. was being closed

B. has been closed D. are closing

5. Satellites ___ to transmit telephone calls across countries and oceans.

A. has been used C. were being used

B. are used D. used

6. ___ they already tested the new security system?

A. Do C. Was

B. Are D. Have

7. ___ they arrested for illegally copying video recordings.

A. Were C. Had

B. Did D. Will

8. What ___ RAM mean?

A. was C. is

B. has D. does

9. One of the best things about mobile phones is that you can send ___ messages to your friends having the phone.

A. to write C. written

B. wrote D. writing

10. You were lucky enough ___ the bug in time.

A. to detect C. detecting

B. detected D. detects

11. Computers are now ___ than they used to be, but the computer programs you need to operate them can be quite expensive.

A. cheap C. cheaper

B. more cheaper D. the most cheap

12. You ___ copy this text; I will give you a Xerox of this page.

A. mustn't to C. may not

B. should D. can't to

Ex. 22. Memorize the following terms.

multiprocessing – многопроцессорная обработка, параллельная обработка, одновременное выполнение graphical user interface, GUI – графический интерфейс пользователя, ГИП dialogue box – диалоговое окно (на экране дисплея) pull-down menu – разворачивающееся меню, диалоговое меню software package – пакет программ web browser – веб-браузер, веб-обозреватель, навигатор debug monitor – отладочный монитор (программа) embedded interpreter – встроенный интерпретатор (программа) Basic Input/Output System, BIOS – базовая система ввода-вывода, БСВВ firmware – встроенное ПО, записанное в ПЗУ ПО freeware – свободно (бесплатно) распространяемое ПО public domain software – общедоступные программные средства; свободно копируемые программы shareware – условно-бесплатное ПО commercial software – коммерческое ПО canned software – стандартное ПО, массовое ПО packaged software – коробочный софт, коробочное ПО custom software – заказное ПО computer manufacturer's software – ПО, поставляемое изготовителем ЭВМ

Ex. 23. Translate the following text into English (do it in writing).

Условно-бесплатное ПО – способ дистрибуции недорогого ПО, которое доступно как "попробуй, перед тем как купить". Такие программы можно загрузить с внешнего ЗУ или из онлайновых систем. Некоторые программы бесплатны, но требуется заплатить за дополнительные (additional) функции или за полную версию. Другие программы необходимо деинсталлировать с диска после указанного срока (specified period), если не выплачено авторское вознаграждение (author's royalties).

Свободно распространяемое ПО включает программы, которые могут быть легально скопированы и переданы (to give) другим пользователям без отчислений автору (royalty-free). Существует два вида бесплатно распространяемого ПО: общедоступные программные средства, которые не защищены авторскими правами (copyright); и ПО со знаком авторского права, на копирование которого имеется разрешение (permission) автора.

Ex. 24. Match the English term and its translation.

automatic recovery program common program copy-protected program copyrighted program data access program database program debugging program educational/training program internally stored program license program network program running program self-loading program simulation program support program troubleshooting program updated program utility program virus-detection program watch-dog program

вспомогательная программа выполняемая (активная) программа лицензионная программа обновленная программа обслуживающая программа, утилита обучающая программа отладчик, программа отладки программа, работающая c базой данных программа автоматического восстановления программа для доступа к данным программа моделирования программа обнаружения вирусов программа поиска неисправностей программа, защищённая авторским правом программа, защищённая от копирования программа, хранимая во внутренней памяти самозагружающаяся программа сетевая программа, программа сетевого обмена сторожевая программа часто используемая (распространенная) программа

Ex. 25. Read and translate the text.