Unit 5 Methods of grammatical substitutions

Starting up

Grammar transformations revision

Grammar transformation methods are generally applied due to the fact that there are initial grammatical distinctions between languages (SL and TL). As usual these transformations may concern either parts of speech or the structure of sentences (syntactical level).

Analyse the English sentences below and their equivalent Russian translations and match them with the correspondent method applied. Some letters are used more than once. Note that for some examples there may be several methods combined:

English	Russian (translation)	Gr. transformation method
The tenant cannot be lawfully evicted. I had a quick cigarette to steady my nerves. My girlfriend wants me to be her husband. The game isn’t worth the candle. One more crime was committed in the city yesterday. I don’t know where them slippers are. The split in the Democratic party elected Lincoln. Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow. I said something about my watch being slow. Some years ago I met him. At that time I understood, I wanted to be with him. Mr. Bob Sawyer was heard to laugh heartily. We are searching for talent everywhere. It is our hope that an agreement will be reached by Friday. When Jackson was elected in 1828, his followers were overjoyed.	Жильца нельзя выселить на законном основании. Я быстро выкурил сигарету, чтобы успокоить нервы. Моя девушка хочет, чтобы я женился на ней. Игра не стоит свеч. Вчера в городе произошло еще одно преступление. Не видела я ваших туфлей! Линкольн был избран в результате раскола в Демократической партии. Если позволит погода, мы отправимся завтра. Я сказала, что мои часы отстают. Я поняла, что хочу быть с ним с первых дней нашей встречи. Слышно было, как от души смеется мистер Боб Сойер. Мы повсюду ищем таланты. Мы надеемся, что к пятнице будет достигнуто соглашение. Джексон был выбран в президенты в 1828 году. Его сторонники были безмерно счастивы.	Substitution of parts of speech: SL adj.= TL adverb or word combination (prep.+adj.+noun) Changing the nouns' category of number. External sentence segmentation Making passive voice in SL active voice in TL Substitution of parts of speech: SL adverb= TL word combination (prep.+adj.+noun) Substitution of parts of speech: SL noun = TL verb. Changing the word order Internal sentence segmentation: SL simple sentence= TL complex sentence Grammatical compensation Sentence unification

Grammar transformations practice

Translation 1

Translate the following text using grammatical transformations where necessary:

1.Michael Faraday (1791–1867), a self-educated scientist, was a blacksmith’s son. 2. At twelve Faraday was an errand boy, and then he was apprenticed to a bookbinder and stationer. 3. He read much and went to lectures. 4. He went to hear Davy at the Royal Institution. 5. Afterwards he bound a set of notes and sent them to the great man. 6. Davy was so impressed that he took on Faraday as his assistant and thereby opened a scientific career to him. 7. Faraday indeed went on to a lifetime of research. 8. He made basic advances in chemistry, but is today best remembered for his work as a pioneer in physics and electricity. 9. It is hardly too much to say that the whole development of electrical engineering, on which twentieth-century life is so dependent, can be traced back to Faraday’s discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831.

Translation 2

Translate the following sentences containing passive constructions. Apply grammar substitution techniques where necessary:

1. Waterloo was lost by Napoleon, who was outwitted and outfought by Wellington and Blücher (the two generals who weren’t afraid of his reputation); it was not a fault of Grouchy. (R. Aldington, Frauds)

2. If the recommendations of the Wolfenden Committee on Sports are accepted and acted upon by the Government, they would mark a big step in the right direction. (Daily Worker)

3. Roosevelt’s famous statement that one third of the nation was ill-fed, ill-clothed and ill-housed should have read at least two-thirds, for no less than 80 per cent of our people are getting less than is called for in the widely endorsed budget of the Heller Committee for research in social economics. (W. Foster)

4. Workers of the colonial countries have been and are ruthlessly exploited and persecuted. In the Philippines all democratic trade unions have been banned (Report of World Affairs)

5. Farmers Drive with Death. A farmer in North Queensland, Australia, drove ten miles to an ambulance station to have a six-foot snake wrapped around his arm identified. It turned out to be a taipan. Australia’s deadliest serpent. (Morning Star)

6. The progressive movement in Toronto was saddened to hear of the death last week of Stanley Thornley at the age of 82. For all his active life, since coming to Canada in 1910, “Pop” Thornley was loved and respected by his fellow-workers for his forthright socialist ideas. He is survived by his three sons and one daughter. (The Canadian Tribune)

Speaking

You are going to read an article written by Rachel Emma Silverman, The Wall Street Journal's financial and business blogger on the use of games in business process(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204294504576615371783795248.html?mod=wsj_share_in_bot). Before you read and perform the tasks after the text, please, discuss the following questions in pairs:

• What is “game theory”? Where, when did it appeared and in what fields of science is it mostly applied?

• Who is the inventor of the Game theory in philosophy? Have you read any of papers or research work by this person?

• In what way do you think games and game-like activities can be applied in companies? Give any example.

• Do you consider gaming helpful in a business process? Why or why not?

Reading

Now read the article and perform the tasks below the text.

Latest Game Theory: Mixing Work and Play

(by Rachel Emma Silverman)

Companies are trying to bring more play to the workday.

1) Striving to make everyday business tasks more engaging, a growing number of firms, including International Business Machines Corp. and consulting firm Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd., are incorporating elements of videogames into the workplace.

2) They're deploying reward and competitive tactics commonly found in the gaming world to make tasks such as management training, data entry and brainstorming seem less like work. Employees receive points or badges for completing jobs or meeting time limits for assignments, for example. Companies also may use leaderboards, which let players view one another's scores, to encourage friendly competition and motivate performance, experts say.

3) This "gamification" of the workplace, or "enterprise gamification" in tech-industry parlance, is a fast-growing business. Companies have used digital games for a number of years to help market products to consumers and build brand loyalty. What's emerging is using games to motivate their own employees.

4) Tech-industry research firm Gartner estimates that by 2014, some 70% of large companies will use the techniques for at least one business process. Market researcher M2 Research estimates revenue from gamification software, consulting and marketing will reach $938 million by 2014 from less than $100 million this year.

Some companies build their own games in-house. Others rely on outside firms such as San Jose, Calif.-based Bunchball Inc. and Menlo Park, Calif.-based Badgeville Inc. to "gamify" various business processes including employee training.

5) Business software company SAP AG employs a variety of games, including one modeled after a golf game that assigns sales leads and environmental challenges that award points for tasks like carpooling, says Mario Herger, senior innovation strategist, at SAP in Palo Alto, Calif.

6) IBM uses a variety of game-like strategies throughout much of the company including video games in which users can help make a virtual city more efficient or simulate various business scenarios, says Chuck Hamilton, IBM's virtual learning leader. With some 400,000 employees, roughly 40% of whom work from home or on the road, gaming is a way to help colleagues connect and stay engaged, explains Mr. Hamilton.

7) "The reason why gamification is so hot is that most people's jobs are really freaking boring," says Gabe Zichermann, organizer of the "Gamification Summit" conference held last month in New York. So far, the tactic has proved effective. A study last year by Traci Sitzmann, an assistant professor of management at the University of Colorado Denver Business School found that employees trained on video games learned more factual information, attained a higher skill level and retained information longer than workers who learned in less interactive environments.

8) Still, gaming experts say there are some pitfalls for companies when implementing games internally. Companies need to make sure that the games are designed to actually reward desired behaviours and are not just doling out meaningless awards or badges.

9) Firms also need to make sure that friendly competition doesn't get out of hand, fostering animosity among employees, says Byron Reeves, a professor of communication at Stanford University and a co-founder of Seriosity Inc., a firm that helps companies develop gaming strategies.

10) "Adding gamification to the workplace drives performance but it doesn't make up for bad management. If you are a bad manager, gamification won't help you," says Kris Duggan, chief executive of game-maker Badgeville.

For any questions, write to Rachel Emma Silverman at rachel.silverman@wsj.com

Reading and comprehension

Answer the following questions according to the text:

1. What does the company International Business Machines Corp. and Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd. Have in common?

2. When do employees usually get points when gamification at a workplace?

3. Why is gamification at a workplace considered a fast-growing business?

4. Where do companies usually get these games in order to use them among the members of the company's staff?

5. What kind of games does Business software company SAP AG employ?

6. What is the reason why gamification is so widespread today?

7. What may the pitfalls of using games for companies be?

8. Can gamification st a workplace compensate for bad management? Why?