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Present perfect

(have + past participle)

  1. recently completed actions

She has finished watering the lawn.

  1. completed past actions connected to the

present with stated or unstated time reference

I have cooked my dinner.

  1. personal experiences or changes which have happened

He has just gone out. She has mastered her English.

Present perfect continuous

(have + been + verb -ing)

  1. actions which started in the past and continuing up to the present

He has been waiting for her for an hour.

  1. past actions of certain duration having visible results or effects in the present

He has been running. His shirt is wet.

  1. expressing anger irritation, annoyance, explanation, criticism

He has been reading my diary. (annoyance)

  1. putting emphasis on duration

They have been doing their homework since10 o'clock

15 Using the words in parentheses, complete the sentences below with the appropriate tenses of Simple Present or Present Continuous.

  1. Usually, I (to work) as a secretary at the PLT, but this summer I (study) Italian at a language school in Rome. That is why I am in Rome.

  2. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (to say) because everybody (to talk) so loudly.

  3. Edward (to write) currently a book about hot tips on resume writing. I hope he can find a good publisher.

  4. Shhhhh! Be quiet! Mary (to work).

  5. Gerry: Can you help me with monitoring the credit and debit accounts tonight?

Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (to go) to a theatre tonight with some friends.

  1. Every month, Sally (to prepare) a tax report.

16 Using the words in parentheses, complete the sentences below with the appropriate tenses of Present Perfect or Present Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous.

.

  1. They (to test) packs lately.

  2. John (to work) for Tesco since he graduated from Harvard University. Until recently, he (to enjoy) his work, but now he (to talk) about retiring.

  3. Lucy: How long (to be) in Paris?

Sean: I (to study) here for more than two years.

  1. Tim: What is that sound?

Nancy: A car alarm (to ring) somewhere down the street. It (to drive) me crazy – I wish it would stop! It (to ring) for more than twenty minutes.

  1. John: Where is Larry?

Sarah: He (to study) at the library for his chemistry test on Wednesday. In fact, he (to review) the material for the test every day during the last week.

  1. Where have you been? We (to wait) for you since 2 PM.

  2. I (to observe) Lora for more than five years and during that time I (to notice) many changes in her personality.

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