Answer the questions:

1. Where is Wales situated? Show it on the map.

2. What is the weather like there?

3. What are its natural resources ?

Speak

1. Speak about its region's mountains

2. Speak about its important centres and industries.

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I

III. SCOTLAND

Area: 30,420 sq.mi - 78,789 sq.km. Population-5,220,000people(2007) Capital - Edinburgh.

Official language - English.

READ AND GET INFORMATION ABOUT SCOTLAND

Scotland is the most northern part of the three countries (энг шимолий). It is much smaller than England. The cheviot Hills mark the boundary between the two countries. It is fully exposed to the Atlantic Ocean (тўлиқ қараган). In the east Scotland is washed by the North Sea, it is not far away from the Arctic Circle (чегараланади, Арктикадан). As a result of its position Scotland is not so densely populated as England or Wales (аҳоли зич жойлашмаган). The capital of it is Edinburgh.

Scotland is divided into 3 structural regions the Highlands, the Central Lowlands and the Southern Uplands (паст текисликлар ва баландликлар).

The Highlands occupy the northern part of the country. Nearly all the regions are high ground with valleys, lakes (кўллар).

The Great Glen is a valley that separates the North-West Highlands from the Grampian mountain system. The valley runs from North-East to South-West and contains long narrow locks (жойлашган. ўз ичига олади). The Grampian mountains rise the level 2 000 - 3 000 feet Several peaks exceed 4 000 feet. The highest mountain of Great Britain - Ben Nevis is 4 406 feet high. Here are the headwaters of the rivers Dee and Don (бошланиш манбаи). The river Tay is the longest in Scotland (118 miles).

The Highlands of Scotland are not very high, about 600 feet. There are many valleys, lakes and sea lochs.

The Highlands cannot boast of a dense population and are uninhabitable (яшашга мослашмаган). The most part of towns and villages have grown in modern times.

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The highlands are not rich in minerals. There are only a few works, such as iron ore works (ишлаётган заводлар). Some coal is also found there.

The development of hydroelectric power is important there (гидроэлектростанция). It provides shortern work, brings light and power to the whole region (таъминлайди, қисқа фурсатли иш).

The Highland population concentrates on hill-sheep farming (кўп жойлашган). The lower hills are suitable for stock-rearing (мол боқишга). The cereals and potatoes grow in the lowlands with better soils (Ғалла ўсимликлари). The granite quarring and polishing are characteristic industries in Aberdeen (гранит ишлаб чиқариш, текислаш-силлиқлаш-созлаш). Aberdeen is also the principle port of hernings and is an important centre of many fisheries (сельд балиқлари тури, балиқчилар). In the recent years there was a great increase in the tourist trade (кейинги пайтда ўсди). People are leaving these places because the year becoming of insufficient resources to support them (таъминламайдиган манба, ёрдам бермайдиган манба).

The most important towns of the Highlands are — Aberdeen, Inverness, Peterhead, Lerwick (Shetlands), Stornow (hebrides) and Kirkwall (Ormeys).

Aberdeen is the northern largest town of the British Isles and is a university town, an important manufacturing centre. But it is not only an industrial town. Transport services and trade also employ many people (ҳунармандчилик, иш билан таъминлайди). It is the chief Scotland port for landings of herring and white fish such as cod, haddock and plaice (треска, тресканинг тури, камбала балиғи).

The Hebredes is a broken archipelago with 80 inhabited islands (ороллар гуруҳи). Many of them are small rocky islands.

The Hebredes are very attractive, but poor agriculturally (ўзига тортувчи).

Commercial fishing and tourism are becoming important. The Hebrides consist of the outer Hebrides and Inner Hebrides (ташқи, ички). Outer- Hebrides have a dense population. They are mostly fishermen (балиқчилар). The Inner Hebrides may be defined

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as a land of small farms and crofts (кичик далалар, ҳовлилар). There is no fishing industry.

Islay is called the «queen of Hebrides» as it is the richest and most productive of all islands. It is known for good trout and salmon fishing (форель, лосось балиқ-тури). It is 15 miles long, 2,5 miles broad. Stock raising, dairy farming and cheese-making are of great importance (мол боқиш). Oats, potatoes and various vegetables are the island's main crops (асосий экинлар, ўсимликлар). The largest town and administrative centre of the island is Bowmore.

Port Ellen is its principal port and a well-known holiday resort (санатория, курорт). As the coastline is rugged and dangerous for navigation, there are five lighthouses on the island (қирғоқ, тўғри эмас, эгри бугри, хавфли, маяклар).

The Orkneys are known for sheep grazing land (қўй боқиш).

The Shetland Isles make a compact archipelago of a hundred islands and islets (оролча, кичкина орол). Only 24 of these are inhabited (аҳоли жойлашган). They are thinly populated out of their position and climite. It is rich in peat (торф, торф брикети). The only crops of importance are oats and potatoes.

Sheep farming provides wool for the hand knitting industry of the Isles (қўлда тўқиш саноати). Cattle ore of lesser importance than sheep but poultry rearing has become more widespread (камроқ, уй паррандалари, кенгроқ тарқалган). Fishing is important in summer. In winter thousands of women and girls are busy knitting using trade patterns (расмий намуналар).

The northern island — Unst has a reputation for 2 famous products of «lace-work» shwals and ponies (қўлда тўқиладиган рўмоллар, понилар — от тури). The Shetland Islands are famous for the long summer twilight (кечқурунги вақт). It is a reminder of the northerly latitude (кенглик).

The Central lowlands region is located between the Highlands and the Southern Uplands (жойлашган). In the lowlands there are many separate groups of hills and isolated crags, castles of Edinburgh and Stirling stand on hills (ажралган қоялар).

There are 3 chief valleys in the Central Lowlands: The Tay valley, The Forth valley, The Clyde valley. There are not many locks in them, but there are lakes of various sizes (кўллар). The population there is dense (зич).

The rocks of the lowlands carry important coal fields. Iron and lead are worked in some areas (қалай-металл). The working of oil's hale is also of importance there (ишлаб чиқариш, нефть махсулоти).

One of the largest towns is Glasgow. Industrial towns are situated near the Lancashere coal fields. This is the centre of a great variety of manufacturing industries.

At the beginning of the 18th century Glasgow was a great port and a manufacturing centre. Today its leading industries are heavy industries, ship-building. Its plants output iron, steel, marine engines, aero-engines, road, vehicles, machine tools and many other metal products. Glasgow also produces cotton. Wollen carpets, hoisery are especially well knowm (юнгдан тўқилган гиламлар, ишлаб чиқариш саноати). It is an important, textile centre (тикувчилик). Glasgow is also known for its book producing and publishing firms, chief ports and the leading distributing centres. Its exports are nearly half as great as its imports.

There are similar towns around Glasgow. They output different goods, industries. The jute manufacture and jam, marmalade making are localized at Dundee, the woolen industry in Stirlingshire (жун маҳсулотлари). Paper is manufactured in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. These towns are situated around Glasgow.

Rich agricultural lands lie close to these manufacturing districts. Barley, wheat and potatoes are main crops. The farming of this region is notable for its high yields much as pig farms, poultry farms (қизиқарли, ҳосиллар).

Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. It is also a banking, insurance centre and is famous for its fine setting architecture, historic interest, a university (суғурта маркази). The university was founded in 1582. Its industries are of quite importance.

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Edinburgh is a main centre of rubber production. There are also baking and milling industries (нонвойчилик).

Other towns of importance of this part of Scotland are Paisley, Motherwell, Greenock, Dundee and Perth.

The Southern Uplands lie to the south of the Central lowlands. It consists of high ground, its highest point is only 2 264 above the sea. ^:

The Upland platforms have few trees (юқоридаги жойларда). Grazing has been practised in this region for a long time (мол боқиш). There are blackface sheep and cheviot sheep. Blackface sheep are kept on the moolands and raised for their mutton, cheviot sheep are typical of the best hill lands are kept for their wool (боқилади, торфли ер).

In the west of Southern uplands dairy farming is highly developed (сутчилик). It supplies with milk (таъминлайди).

Coalmining, granite polishing, fishing industries are developed. There is a plenty of lochs and river fishing, salmon, trout fishing, (кўллар кўп, балиқ турлари).

Its largest town is Dumfries. It has grain mills, textile industry of knitted garments for home and foreign markets (қўлда тўқилган кийимлар).

The next small town is Stranraer, it is important with its dairy products.

The climate of Scotland is greatly influenced by the southern Uplands position (таъсир қилади). The Western coasts are mildest in winter (энг юмшоқ). The South of Scotland enjoys high temperature, the eastern part of it recieves less rain (кам ёмғир). The flora of Scotland is much affected by varied climate of this small country (кўп таъсир қилади, турлича об-ҳаво).

For its size Scotland's founa is rich and varied (ўз майдонига қараганда). The largest wild animal is the Atlantic gray seal (тюлень). The island North Pona is frequented by thousands of animals (келади яшайди). The wild red deer remains in Scotland, the red deer may sometimes be found on the same ground (қизил кийик, косуль-кийик тури). Feral goats occur in many deep forests and on a few small islands (ёввойи эчкилар учрайди). Foxes and badgers are common in Scotland (бўрсиқ учрайди).

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The wild cat has increased in the first half of the 20th century (кўпайган). Others are common in rivers, small islands and the rocky coastline, the pole cat is rare (кузак ҳайвон сийрак). Scotland lost the brown bear in the 9 century, the elk and the reindeer in the 12th century, the beaver in the 16th century (қўнғир айиқ, лось, шимол буғуси, қундуз). The last wolf was killed more than two hundred years ago in 1743.

The bird life of Scotland is rich. Its chief glories are numerous (манзара, кўриниш). Scotland is also proud of its golden eagle (бургут). It should be remembered that quite a lot of the most picturesque parts of Scotland are privately owned (кўринишли манзарали, хусусий мулкдир).

Answer the questions:

1. Where is Scotland situated ?

2. What are its agricultural products?

SPEAK

1. Speak about its regions, mountains, show them on the map.

2. Speak about its national resources and industries.

3. Speak about its largest cities and towns, show them on the map.

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