Part 2 - continental crust 172
1. Comprehension 172
1.1 Vocabulary 172
1.2 Mountain building 173
2. Exercises 176
3. Reading comprehension: 176
3.1 Informative reading- How continents evolve 176
4. Listening comprehension 178
5. Discussion: - Orogenesis 179
PART 3 – FOLDING AND FAULTING 180
3.1 Comprehension: Faults 180
3.1.1 Vocabulary 180
3.1.2 Fault terminology 182
3.1.3 Exercises 184
3.1.4 Listening comprehension 187
3.2 Comprehension: Folds 187
3.2.1 Vocabulary 187
3.2.2 Fold terminology 188
3.2.3 Exercises 190
3.2.4 Listening comprehension 190
4. Discussion: Faulting and folding 191
5. Wordlist 194
5.1 Pronunciation 194
5.2 Terms 197
5.3 Words and phrases 200
APPENDIX 203
Test 1 204
Test 2 206
Test 3 208
Test 4 210
Test 5 212
Test 6 217
Test 7 220
Test 8.1 222
Test 8.2 224
REFERENCES 227
Unit 1 geology
1. Comprehension
Read the following text and fill in the missing words, according to the text. (R.P – 1.1 )
Fig. 1. James Hutton (1726-1797)
In the late 1700’s Scotland became the home of practical geology. When we look at a geological map of the world it is not difficult to see why Scotland, within its 49,000 square miles (80000 square km) possesses practically every geological structure and age of rock possible. The person regarded as the founder of modern geology is James Hutton (1726-1797), of Edinburgh. By studying the rocks where they outcropped (in the field, as geologists say), he formulated theories about the past conditions that formed them. He visualized an abiding Earth on which forces of rock formation were balanced by forces of rock destruction. It was he who put the Neptunian theories to rest.
Another approach to practical geology is that of the experimental scientist. The pioneer in this field was Sir James Hall (1761-1832)-not the great 19th-century American geologist of the same name but another Scot from Edinburgh. Hall melted rock specimens in the furnace of an iron foundry and observed what was produced as they cooled. He also conducted experiments to stimulate the formation of various rock structures by compressing layers of clay. Most of these experiments were conducted after Hall’s death, because he was dismissive of this experimental approach.
(Dougal Dixon “The Practical Geologist” 1992, Aurum,USA )
The home of practical geology was _____________ (1) because one can find all possible __________________ _____________ (2). The founder of practical geology is considered to be ________ ____________ (3) from ________ (4). He studied rocks based on the __________ (5) and formulated different theories about how these rocks were formed. Another interesting scientist of that time was _________ __________ (6) His approach to practical geology was quite different. He was considered to be an ________ ___________ (7). His experiments consisted of melting rock specimens and observing what was produced when they cooled. He also conducted experiments to stimulate _________ __________ _____________ (8).