3. How to teach reading.

The teacher can use the whole system of exercises for developing pupils’ ability to read which may be done in two forms – loud and silent.

Reading aloud. The following methods are observed: the phonic, the word, the sentence methods. When the phonic method is used, the child learns the sounds and associates them with graphical symbols – letters. In the word method a complete word is first presented to the child. When a several words have been learnt they are used in simple sentences. The sentence method deals with the sentences as units of approach in teaching reading. The teacher can develop pupils’ ability to read sentences with correct intonation. Later the sentence is split up into words. The combination of the three methods can ensure good reading.

Non-communication exercises for teaching reading:

1. acquisition with the letters;

2. mastering letter–sound and sound–letter connections;

3. automatization of the operation of perceiving the words;

4. acquisition with the rules of reading vowels, consonants, letter combinations;

5. the formation of the habits and skills in reading words, words combinations and sentences.

Exercises aimed at the development of graphic–phoneme connection:

• sound the letters;

• read the letter in different positions in a word;

• choose the letter;

• count the letters and sounds in a word;

• combine capital and small letters;

• write down the letter, named by the teacher;

• choose the words beginning with the letter…;

• find similarities and differences in the word: from – from.

Exercises aimed at reading words:

• define the type of syllable (1, 2, 3, 4);

• write down the words;

• group the words according to the types of syllables;

• read the pairs of the words (take – make, ice –nice, etc);

• read the unknown words;

• write down the missed letter;

• find pictures to the words;

• crosswords;

• find the hidden words;

• remember the words shown by the teacher on the cards;

• different tests.

Exercises aimed at the form of the word:

• find the word in the letters: bde:

• make up the word;

• fill in the gaps in the words;

• write down the ending o the words;

• renew the words, etc.

Exercises aimed at the phonetic side:

• repeat after the speaker;

• define the intonation;

• read the text aloud after intoning it;

• change the logical stress in sentences.

Exercises aimed at the speed of reading:

• read the text during a certain period of time;

• read the sentences shown by the teacher quickly;

• read the text and find the answer to the question.

4. Teaching reading as a kind of communicative activity.

1. Acquisition reading. It is silent reading aimed at getting information from authentic texts (180 words/minute). The pupils are to understand the gist of text (75% of the text). The pupils should predict the contents from the title of the text, guess the meaning of the unknown words, ignore the unknown words.

2. Reading with the full understanding of the contents of the text.

It is a thoughtful reading – 50-60 words/minute, the objective of it – to get full information from the text.

The communicative aim of reading:

• to understand the contents of the text in full;

• to estimate the information, express own opinion on it;

• to transfer the information to other pupils;

• comment on the facts.

3. Reading the aim of which is to find necessary information. Look through the text – 500 words a minute.

The control of reading:

• answer the teacher’s questions;

• find facts in the text;

• do the text.

Stages of work on the text:

1. information of the teacher, concerning the author of the text or the branch of the science, the text belongs;

2. pre-reading exercises;

3. reading of the text;

4. comprehension check;

5. consolidation based on the text.

Reading is one of the main skills that a pupil must acquire in the process of mastering a foreign language in school. Reading is great educational importance as a reading is a means of communication; people get information they need from books, journals, magazines, newspapers, etc. Through reading in a foreign language the pupil enriches his knowledge of the world around him. He gets acquainted with the countries where the target language is spoken. The teacher can use the whole system of exercises for developing pupils’ ability to read which may be done in two forms – loud and silent.

Reading aloud. The following methods are observed: the phonic, the word, the sentence methods. When the phonic method is used, the child learns the sounds and associates them with graphical symbols – letters. In the word method a complete word is first presented to the child. When a several words have been learnt they are used in simple sentences. The sentence method deals with the sentences as units of approach in teaching reading. The teacher can develop pupils’ ability to read sentences with correct intonation. Later the sentence is split up into words. The combination of the three methods can ensure good reading.

Non-communication exercises for teaching reading:1 acquisition with the letters; 2 mastering letter–sound and sound–letter connections; 3 automatization of the operation of perceiving the words; 4 acquisition with the rules of reading vowels, consonants, letter combinations; 5 the formation of the habits and skills in reading words, words combinations and sentences.

Exercises aimed at the development of graphic–phoneme connection:- sound the letters; - read the letter in different positions in a word; - choose the letter; - count the letters and sounds in a word; - combine capital and small letters; - write down the letter, named by the teacher; - choose the words beginning with the letter…; Stages of work on the text: 1 information of the teacher, concerning the author of the text or the branch of the science, the text belongs; 2 pre-reading exercises; 3 reading of the text; 4 comprehension check; 4 consolidation based on the text.