- •1. The subject of theoretical grammar. Its relations to practical grammar.
- •2. General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •It is demanded that all the students be present at the meeting.
- •3. Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •4.Language as a system and structure. Language levels. The notion of isomorphism.
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •5. Dichtonomy(противопоставление 2х объектов)[даи’котеми] of language and speech
- •6. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •7. Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations
- •8. Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •9.The morpheme as an elementary meaningful unit. Classification of morphemes.
- •10.The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •11.Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meaning.
- •12.Grammatical (morphological) categories. The notion of oppositions as the basis of grammatical categories.
- •13. Oppositional analysis.Types of oppositions. Reduction of grammatical oppositions.
- •14.Analytic and synthetic forms of English words. Analytic forms in the structure of English.
- •16.Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •17. Criteria for establishing parts of speech: semantic, formal, functional. Notional and functional parts of speech.
- •18. The noun as part of speech. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Grammatically relevant classes of nouns.
- •19. The category of number. Formal and functional features of the number category. The problem of number in different subclasses of nouns.
- •20. The category of case.The evolution of theoretical interpretations of the category of case in English.
- •21.The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns.Sex distinctions in the system of the noun.
- •22. Noun determiners. The article.The problem of the zero article.
- •23. The verb as a part of speech. Grammatically relevant subclasses of verbs (transitive/intransitive, terminative/nonterminative).
- •Vaddr.-adv. I won’t keep you long
- •26. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •27. The verbal categories of person and number.
- •28. The category of tense in English. Tense oppositions. Absolute and relative tense meanings of English tense-forms.
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •29. The problem of perfect.
- •31. The category of voice. Voice opposition. The number of voices in English.
- •32. The category of mood the problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality.
- •33. Function words in Modern English.
- •34. Syntax as a part of grammar. Kinds of syntactic theories.
- •35. Transformational-Generative Grammar.
- •36.Modern approaches to the language study: textlinguistics, pragmatics, discourse analysis.
- •37. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •38. Coordination. The notion of parataxis.
- •39. Subordination. The notion of hypotaxis
- •40. General characteristic of the word-group.
- •41.Nominal word combination. Noun-phrases with pre-posed adjuncts
- •World peace – peace all over the world
- •Table lamp – lamp for tables
- •42. Nominal word combination. Noun-phrases with post-posed adjuncts.
- •43. Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements.
- •44. Predication. Primary and secondary predication. Predicative word combinations.
- •45. The sentence. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence. Different approaches to the study of the sentence.
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •46. Sentence – proposition – utterance – speech act.
- •47. The simple sentence. Principal, secondary and detached parts of the sentence.
- •48. The hierarchical structure of the sentence. Immediate Constituents Analysis.
- •Immediate constituents of the sentence. Ic analysis.
- •49. The paradigm of a simple sentence. Kernel and derived sentences. Syntactic processes.
- •The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance.
- •The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterance.
- •52. The complex sentence as a polypredicative construction. Types of subordinative clauses.
- •53. Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, Cohesion, deixis as the main features of the text.
- •54. Textual connecting devices. Reiteration, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •56. Pragmatic approaches to the study language units.
- •57. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •It’s hot excuse
- •58. Speech act theory.
- •59. Classification of speech acts.
- •Representatives make words fit the world s believes X
- •Expressives make words fit the world s feels X
- •Commissives make the world fit words s intends X
- •60. Indirect speech acts.
- •61. The study of language in use. Discourse analysis.
- •62. Maxims of conversation.
- •Make your contribution as informative as required
- •Be relevant
- •Be orderly
- •64. Implicatures and indirectness. The Politeness Principle.
- •It is only on the basis of assuming the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
41.Nominal word combination. Noun-phrases with pre-posed adjuncts
In noun-phrases with pre-posed modifiers we generally find adjectives, pronouns, numerals, participles, gerunds, nouns, nouns in the genitive case (see the table). According to their position all pre-posed adjuncts may be divided into pre-adjectivals and adjectiavals. The position of adjectivals is usually right before the noun-head. Pre-adjectivals occupy the position before adjectivals. They fall into two groups: a) limiters (to this group belong mostly particles): just, only, even, etc. and b) determiners (articles, possessive pronouns, quantifiers – the first, the last).
Premodification of nouns by nouns (N+N) is one of the most striking features about the grammatical organization of English. It is one of devices to make our speech both laconic and expressive at the same time. Noun-adjunct groups result from different kinds of transformational shifts. NPs with pre-posed adjuncts can signal a striking variety of meanings:
World peace – peace all over the world
silver box – a box made of silver
Table lamp – lamp for tables
table legs – the legs of the table
river sand – sand from the river
school child – a child who goes to school
The grammatical relations observed in NPs with pre-posed adjuncts may convey the following meanings:
subject-predicate relations: weather change;
object relations: health service, women hater;
adverbial relations: a) of time: morning star,
b) place: world peace, country house,
c) comparison: button eyes,
d) purpose: tooth brush.
It is important to remember that the noun-adjunct is usually marked by a stronger stress than the head.
Of special interest is a kind of ‘grammatical idiom’ where the modifier is reinterpreted into the head: a devil of a man, an angel of a girl.
42. Nominal word combination. Noun-phrases with post-posed adjuncts.
NPs with post-posed may be classified according to the way of connection into prepositionless and prepositional. The basic prepositionless NPs with post-posed adjuncts are: Nadj. – tea strong, NVen – the shape unknown, NVing – the girl smiling, ND – the man downstairs, NVinf – a book to read, NNum – room ten.
The pattern of basic prepositional NPs is N1 prep. N2. The most common preposition here is ‘of’ – a cup of tea, a man of courage. It may have quite different meanings: qualitative - a woman of sense, predicative – the pleasure of the company, objective – the reading of the newspaper, partitive – the roof of the house.
43. Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements.
The VP is a definite kind of the subordinate phrase with the verb as the head. The verb is considered to be the semantic and structural centre not only of the VP but of the whole sentence as the verb plays an important role in making up primary predication that serves the basis for the sentence. VPs are more complex than NPs as there are a lot of ways in which verbs may be combined in actual usage. Valent properties of different verbs and their semantics make it possible to divide all the verbs into several groups depending on the nature of their complements (see the table ‘Syntagmatic properties of verbs’, Lecture 6).
Classification of verb-phrases.
VPs can be classified according to the nature of their complements – verb complements may be nominal (to see a house) and adverbial (to behave well). Consequently, we distinguish nominal, adverbial and mixed complementation.
Nominal complementation takes place when one or more nominal complements (nouns or pronouns) are obligatory for the realization of potential valency of the verb: to give smth. to smb., to phone smb., to hear smth.(smb.), etc.
Adverbial complementation occurs when the verb takes one or more adverbial elements obligatory for the realization of its potential valency: He behaved well, I live …in Kyiv (here).
Mixed complementation – both nominal and adverbial elements are obligatory: He put his hat on he table (nominal-adverbial).
According to the structure VPs may be basic or simple (to take a book) – all elements are obligatory; expanded (to read and translate the text, to read books and newspapers) and extended (to read an English book).