- •1. The subject of theoretical grammar. Its relations to practical grammar.
- •2. General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •It is demanded that all the students be present at the meeting.
- •3. Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •4.Language as a system and structure. Language levels. The notion of isomorphism.
- •The morphological level has two level units:
- •5. Dichtonomy(противопоставление 2х объектов)[даи’котеми] of language and speech
- •6. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •7. Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations
- •8. Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •9.The morpheme as an elementary meaningful unit. Classification of morphemes.
- •10.The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •11.Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meaning.
- •12.Grammatical (morphological) categories. The notion of oppositions as the basis of grammatical categories.
- •13. Oppositional analysis.Types of oppositions. Reduction of grammatical oppositions.
- •14.Analytic and synthetic forms of English words. Analytic forms in the structure of English.
- •16.Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •17. Criteria for establishing parts of speech: semantic, formal, functional. Notional and functional parts of speech.
- •18. The noun as part of speech. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Grammatically relevant classes of nouns.
- •19. The category of number. Formal and functional features of the number category. The problem of number in different subclasses of nouns.
- •20. The category of case.The evolution of theoretical interpretations of the category of case in English.
- •21.The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns.Sex distinctions in the system of the noun.
- •22. Noun determiners. The article.The problem of the zero article.
- •23. The verb as a part of speech. Grammatically relevant subclasses of verbs (transitive/intransitive, terminative/nonterminative).
- •Vaddr.-adv. I won’t keep you long
- •26. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •27. The verbal categories of person and number.
- •28. The category of tense in English. Tense oppositions. Absolute and relative tense meanings of English tense-forms.
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •29. The problem of perfect.
- •31. The category of voice. Voice opposition. The number of voices in English.
- •32. The category of mood the problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality.
- •33. Function words in Modern English.
- •34. Syntax as a part of grammar. Kinds of syntactic theories.
- •35. Transformational-Generative Grammar.
- •36.Modern approaches to the language study: textlinguistics, pragmatics, discourse analysis.
- •37. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •38. Coordination. The notion of parataxis.
- •39. Subordination. The notion of hypotaxis
- •40. General characteristic of the word-group.
- •41.Nominal word combination. Noun-phrases with pre-posed adjuncts
- •World peace – peace all over the world
- •Table lamp – lamp for tables
- •42. Nominal word combination. Noun-phrases with post-posed adjuncts.
- •43. Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements.
- •44. Predication. Primary and secondary predication. Predicative word combinations.
- •45. The sentence. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence. Different approaches to the study of the sentence.
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •46. Sentence – proposition – utterance – speech act.
- •47. The simple sentence. Principal, secondary and detached parts of the sentence.
- •48. The hierarchical structure of the sentence. Immediate Constituents Analysis.
- •Immediate constituents of the sentence. Ic analysis.
- •49. The paradigm of a simple sentence. Kernel and derived sentences. Syntactic processes.
- •The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance.
- •The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterance.
- •52. The complex sentence as a polypredicative construction. Types of subordinative clauses.
- •53. Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, Cohesion, deixis as the main features of the text.
- •54. Textual connecting devices. Reiteration, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •56. Pragmatic approaches to the study language units.
- •57. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •It’s hot excuse
- •58. Speech act theory.
- •59. Classification of speech acts.
- •Representatives make words fit the world s believes X
- •Expressives make words fit the world s feels X
- •Commissives make the world fit words s intends X
- •60. Indirect speech acts.
- •61. The study of language in use. Discourse analysis.
- •62. Maxims of conversation.
- •Make your contribution as informative as required
- •Be relevant
- •Be orderly
- •64. Implicatures and indirectness. The Politeness Principle.
- •It is only on the basis of assuming the relevance of b’s response that we can understand it as an answer to a’s question.
18. The noun as part of speech. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Grammatically relevant classes of nouns.
The noun is the central lexical unit of language. It is the main nominative unit of speech. As any other part of speech, the noun can be characterised by three criteria: semantic (the meaning), morphological (the form and grammatical catrgories) and syntactical (functions, distribution).
Semantic features of the noun. The noun possesses the grammatical meaning of thingness, substantiality. According to different principles of classification nouns fall into several subclasses:
According to the type of nomination they may be proper and common;
According to the form of existence they may be animate and inanimate. Animate nouns in their turn fall into human and non-human.
According to their quantitative structure nouns can be countable and uncountable.
This set of subclasses cannot be put together into one table because of the different principles of classification.
Morphological features of the noun. In accordance with the morphological structure of the stems all nouns can be classified into: simple, derived ( stem + affix, affix + stem – thingness); compound ( stem+ stem – armchair ) and composite ( the Hague ). The noun has morphological categories of number and case. Some scholars admit the existence of the category of gender.
Syntactic features of the noun. The noun can be used un the sentence in all syntactic functions but predicate. Speaking about noun combinability, we can say that it can go into right-hand and left-hand connections with practically all parts of speech. That is why practically all parts of speech but the verb can act as noun determiners. However, the most common noun determiners are considered to be articles, pronouns, numerals, adjectives and nouns themselves in the common and genitive case.
Grammatically relevant subclasses of the noun: common and proper, animate and inanimate, human and non-human, countable and uncountable, concrete and abstract nouns.
As with any other part of speech, the noun is further subdivided into subclasses, or groups, in accord with various particular semantico-functional and formal features of the constituent words. The main grammatically relevant subclasses of nouns are distinguished in the following correlations.
On the basis of “type of nomination” proper nouns are opposed to common nouns. Common nouns present a general name of any thing belonging to a certain class of things, e.g.: river – any river, boy – any boy, while the proper nouns have no generalized meaning; they serve as a label, a nickname of a separate individual being or thing, e.g.: Mississippi, John, New York, etc. This semantic subdivision of nouns is grammatically manifested through the differences in their formal features of the category of article determination and of the category of number. The use of proper nouns in the plural or with the articles is restricted to a limited number of contexts: normally, one cannot use the plural form of the word New York, though it is possible to say There are two Lenas in our group, or The Joneses are to visit us. If proper nouns are used with articles or other determiners and/or in the plural, in most contexts it signifies their transposition from the group of proper nouns into the group of common nouns, e.g.: You are my Romeo!; I can’t approve of young Casanovas like you.
On the basis of “form of existence” of the referents animate nouns are opposed to inanimate nouns, the former denoting living beings (man, woman, dog), the latter denoting things and phenomena (tree, table). This semantic difference is formally exposed through the category of case forms, as animate nouns are predominantly used in the genitive case, cf.: John’s leg, but the leg of the table. This subdivision of nouns is semantically closely connected with the following one.
On the basis of “personal quality” human animate nouns (person nouns), denoting human beings, or persons, are opposed to non-human (animate and inanimate) nouns (non-person nouns), denoting all the other referents. This lexico-semantic subdivision of nouns is traditionally overlooked in practical and theoretical courses on grammar, but it is grammatically relevant because only human nouns in English can distinguish masculine or feminine genders, e.g.: man – he, woman – she, while the non-human nouns, both animate and inanimate, are substituted by the neuter gender pronoun ‘it’. The exceptions take place only in cases of transposition of the noun from one group into another, e.g., in cases of personification, e.g.: the sun - he, the moon - she, etc.
On the basis of “quantitative structure” of the referent countable (variable) nouns are opposed to uncountable (invariable) nouns, the former denoting discrete, separate things which can be counted and form discrete multitudes, e.g.: table – tables, the latter denoting either substances (sugar), or multitudes as a whole (police), or abstract notions (anger), and some others entities. This subdivision is formally manifested in the category of number (see Unit 7).
Besides the formal features enumerated above, the semantic differences between different groups of nouns are manifested through their selectional syntagmatic combinability; e.g., it is possible to say The dog is sleeping, but impossible to say *The table is sleeping.