3. Перекласти на українську мову.

Lower-Level Managers

Lower-level managers are those who coordinate and supervise the activities of operating employees. They spend most of their time working with and motivating their employees, answering questions, and solving day-to-day problems. Most lower-level managers are former operating employees who, owing to their hard work and potential, were promoted into management. And many of today's middle and top managers began

their careers on this lowest management level. Common titles for lower-level managers include office manager, supervisor, and foreman.

Areas of Management

Our organizational structure can also be divided more or less vertically into areas of management specialization. The most common of these areas are finance, operations, marketing, personnel, and administration. Depending on its purpose and mission, an organization may include other areas as well - research and development, for example.

“_____”______________ 2012 р.

Викладач ______________ Гула Л.І.

Міністерство освіти і науки, молоді та спорту України

Київський національний торговельно-економічний університет

Хмельницький торговельно-економічний коледж

Спеціальність: 5.03050702 Комерційна діяльність

Дисципліна: Іноземна мова (за професійним спрямуванням)

ЕКЗАМЕНАЦІЙНИЙ БІЛЕТ №13.

1. Розповісти про оптову торгівлю.

2. Зробити повідомлення про вживання минулого пасивного часу.

3. Перекласти на українську мову.

Sellers may apply various pricing strategies to their basic prices, either temporarily or permanently, and for individual products to complete product lines. The extend to which particular sellers use any of the following strategies depends on their pricing and marketing goals, the market for their products, the degree of product differentiation, the life cycle stage of the product, and other factors.

Some consumers are willing to pay a high price for an innovate product, either because of its novelty or because the prestige and status that ownership confers. Price skimming is the strategy of charging the highest possible price for a product during the introduction stage of its life cycle. The greatest disadvantage is that a skimming price may make the product appear lucrative to potential competitors, who may attempt to enter that market.

At the opposite extreme, penetration pricing is the strategy of setting a low price for a new product. The idea is to develop a large market share for the product quickly. A disadvantage of penetration pricing is that it places a firm in a less flexible position. It is more difficult to raise prices significantly than it is to lower them.

“_____”______________ 2012 р.

Викладач ______________ Гула Л.І.

Міністерство освіти і науки, молоді та спорту України

Київський національний торговельно-економічний університет

Хмельницький торговельно-економічний коледж

Спеціальність: 5.03050702 Комерційна діяльність

Дисципліна: Іноземна мова (за професійним спрямуванням)

ЕКЗАМЕНАЦІЙНИЙ БІЛЕТ №14.

1. Розповісти про роздрібну торгівлю.

2. Зробити повідомлення про вживання майбутнього пасивного часу.