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4. Change of word—meaning: the causes, nature and results.

  1. Антрушина, Г.Б. Лексикология английского языка: учебник для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. № 2103 "Иностр. яз." / Г.Б. Антрушина, О.В. Афанасьева, Н.Н. Морозова; под ред. Г.Б. Антрушиной. — М.: Высш. школа, 1985. — С. 99—128.

  2. Воробей, А.Н. Глоссарий лингвистических терминов / А.Н. Воробей, Е.Г. Карапетова. — Барановичи: УО "БарГУ", 2004. — 108 с.

  3. Дубенец, Э.М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология: пособие для студ. гуманит. вузов / Э.М. Дубенец. — М. / СПб.: ГЛОССА / КАРО, 2004. — С.74—83, 123—125.

  4. Лексикология английского языка: учебник для ин-тов и фак-тов иностр. яз. / Р.З. Гинзбург [и др.]; под общ. ред. Р.З. Гинзбург. — 2-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: Высш. школа, 1979. — С.13—23, 29—33.

  5. Лещева, Л.М. Слова в английском языке. Курс лексикологии современного английского языка: учебник для студ. фак-в и отдел. английского языка (на англ. яз.) / Л.М. Лещева. — Минск: Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь, 2001. — С.36—56.

Key terms: semantics, referent, referential meaning, significative meaning, pragmatic meaning, differential meaning, functional meaning, grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, denotational meaning, connotational meaning, polysemantic word, polysemy, a model of polysemy, lexical-semantic variants, basic meaning, peripheral meaning, primary meaning, secondary meaning, radiation, concatenation, lexical context, grammatical context, thematic context, ellipsis, differentiation of synonyms, linguistic analogy, metaphor, metonymy, synesthesia, restriction, extension, ameliorative development, pejorative development.

Compulsory tasks and exercises:

1. Provide answers to the following questions:

  1. What is word meaning?

  2. What are the main postulates of the referential approach to meaning?

  3. What are the main postulates of the functional approach to meaning?

  4. What is the difference between the lexical, grammatical and part-of-speech meaning of the word?

  5. What types of semantic components can be distin­guished within the meaning of a word?

  6. What component of meaning is recurrent in the given words: actors, boys, chairs, dreamers, girls, pens, schools, students, tables, trees, tulips?

  7. How is the grammatical meaning of a word expressed?

  8. What are the causes of polysemy?

  9. What role does context play in determining the meaning of words?

  10. What are the causes of semantic change?

2. Comment on the following l. Bloomfield’s quotation. What phenomenon is described?

“Very many linguistic forms are used for more than one typical situation. In English, we speak of the head of an army, of a procession, of household or of a river and a head of cabbage; of the mouth of a bottle, cannon, or river; of the eye of a needle and of hooks and eyes of a dress; of the teeth of a saw; of the tongue of a shoe or of a wagon; of the neck of a bottle and a neck of the woods; of the arms, legs and back of a chair; of the foot of the mountain; of the hearts of celery. A man be a fox, an ass, or a dirty dog; a woman a peach, lemon, cat or goose; people are sharp and keen or dull, or else bright or foggy as to their wit; warm or cold in temperament; crooked or straight in conduct; a person may be up in the air, at sea, off the handle, off his base, or even beside himself, without actually moving from the spot.”

3. Prove that the meanings in the following polysemantic words are related (use the dictionaries.).

Hand, head, heavy, table.

4. State the denotational and connotational components of lexical meaning in the following pairs of words:

to conceal — to disguise

to choose — to select

to draw — to paint

money — cash

photograph — picture

odd — queer

5. Within the following words find different examples of meaning development (extension, restriction, degradation, elevation).

To starve, duke, boor, caitiff, room, spinster, deer, hound, knight, minister, clown, silly, place, meat, lady, knave, villain, queen, fowl, wife.

6. Find cases of metaphor and metonymy.

Black deeds, to devour a story, the eye of a needle, cane, the mouth of a river, Bordeaux, crown, the foot of the mountain, sandwich, the head of a pin, boycott, campaign, sable, the arm of the chair, cold voice, loud colors, the head of the pin, sweet temper, black deeds, to burn with anger, the hands of a clock, every head of cattle, to have a good head for figures.