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4. Interrelation between native and borrowed elements. Influence of borrowings. International words. Etymological doublets.

1. Антрушина, Г.Б. Лексикология английского языка: учебник для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. № 2103 "Иностр. яз." / Г.Б. Антрушина, О.В. Афанасьева, Н.Н. Морозова; под ред. Г.Б. Антрушиной. — М.: Высш. школа, 1985. — С. 51—55.

2. Дубенец, Э.М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология: пособие для студ. гуманит. вузов / Э.М. Дубенец. — М. / СПб.: ГЛОССА / КАРО, 2004. — С. 117—121.

3. Лексикология английского языка: учебник для ин-тов и фак-тов иностр. яз. / Р.З. Гинзбург [и др.]; под общ. ред. Р.З. Гинзбург. — 2-еизд., испр. и доп. — М.: Высш. школа, 1979. — С. 171—175.

4. Лещева, Л.М. Слова в английском языке. Курс лексикологии современного английского языка: учебник для студ. фак-в и отдел. английского языка (на англ. яз.) / Л.М. Лещева. — Минск: Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь, 2001. — С.31—32, 33—35.

Key terms: words of native origin, borrowing, source of borrowing, origin of a word, international word, etymology, etymological doublets (triplets), folk etymology, loan translation.

Compulsory tasks and exercises:

  1. Provide answers to the following questions:

  1. What is the etymological composition of the English lexicon?

  2. How can you account for the fact that English vocabulary contains such an immense number of words of foreign origin?

  3. What is meant by the native element of English vocabulary?

  4. What are the main characteristics of the words of native origin?

  5. What is the difference between the terms "source of borrowing" and "origin of the word"?

  6. What do you understand by "folk etymology"?

  7. What are the causes and ways of borrowing?

  8. What are the specific features of borrowings?

  9. What types of assimilation of borrowings are distinguished?

  10. What are the main factors determining the degree of assimilation?

  11. What is the influence of borrowings on the English vocabulary?

  12. What can you say about the role of native and borrowed words in the English language?

  13. In what spheres of communication do international words frequently occur?

  14. What do we understand by etymological doublets?

  15. What are the characteristic features of translation—loans?

  16. How are etymological and stylistic characteristics of words interrelated?

  1. Read the following text and answer the questions after it.

Charles f. Hockett

A Course in modern linguistics

The conditions for borrowing

47.1 […] Whenever two idiolects come into contact, one or both may be modified. In face-to-face communication, either speaker may imitate some feature of the other's speech; when the contact is indirect, as in reading, the influence can of course pass only in one direction. The feature which is imitated is called the model; the idiolect (or language) in which the model occurs, or the speaker of that idiolect, is called the donor; the idiolect (or language) which acquires something new in the process is the borrowing idiolect (or language). The process itself is called "borrowing", but this term requires some caution, thus, that which is "borrowed" does not have to be paid back; the donor makes no sacrifice and does not have to be asked for permission. Indeed, nothing changes hands: the donor goes on speaking as before, and only the borrower's speech is altered.

From our definition, we see that the conditions for borrowing are present constantly, as a natural accompaniment of every use of language except genuine soliloquy. In the contact of idiolects A and B, the chances that borrowing will actually occur depend on several factors, one of which is the degree of similarity of A and B. If the two idiolects are very similar, borrowing is unlikely, since neither speaker is apt to use any form unknown to the other. If A and В are so divergent that the speakers cannot understand each other, borrowing is equally unlikely. Between the two extremes we find the situations in which borrowing is more probable. In practice, these situations can be classed roughly into two types. In one type, the two idiolects share a common core; under these conditions we speak of dialect borrowing. In the other, there is no common core but rather some degree of bilingualism or semibilingualism; in this case we speak of language borrowing.