4. Переведите предложения:

1. Я не знал, что вы заняты. 2. Он сказал мне, что знает три иностранных языка. 3. Преподаватель спросил нас, сколько новых слов в одиннадцатом уроке. 4. Мой товарищ позвонил мне и сказал, что он болен и не сможет прийти на урок. 5. Он спросил нас, сколько времени у нас обычно уходит на то, чтобы доехать до завода. 6. Он сказал вам, когда вернется с работы? 7. Он сказал мне, что будет очень занят сегодня.8. Он спросил меня, где работает мой брат. 9. Я спросил секретаря, когда придет директор. 10. Она сказала, что сделает это сама. 11. Он спросил, где находится ближайший банк. 12. Он сказал, что удовлетворен результатами нашей работы. 13. Я спросил ее, была ли она когда-нибудь на Дальнем Востоке. 14. Я спросила его, знает ли он профессора Попова. 15. Я спросил их, идет ли все еще дождь. 16. Он сказал мне, чтобы я пришел сода в 6 часов вечера. 17. Я не знаю, что он скажет вам. 18. Он не знает, когда его увидит. 19. Я спросил юношу, когда он окончил институт. 20. Он ответил, что окончил институт год назад. 21. Я спросил его, какой областью экономики он интересуется. 22. Он сказал, что надеется стать хорошим специалистом в этой области.

Тест

Выберите правильный вариант:

1. Look: he’s washing up now.

The woman said that he was washing up…

a) now b) at present c) than d) at that time

2. Teacher (to the pupils): you’ll have to fetch the dictionaries for the next lesson.

The teacher told the pupils that…they would have to fetch the dictionaries.

a) then b) today c) in that day d) next day

3. Helen: When I entered the kitchen, Mother was cooking fish.

Helen said that when she … the kitchen, her mother was cooking fish.

a) enter b) entered c) enters d) were entering

4. Tom: a few years ago I gave up sports.

Tom added that a few years …he had given up sports.

a) since b) later c) ago d) before

5. The man ( to the doctor) : I came on time.

The man said to the doctor that he…on time.

a) had come b) has come c) came d) had been coming

6. Mother (to the daughter): I haven’t vacuumed the furniture since last month.

Daughter said to her mother that she…the furniture since last month.

a) didn’t vacuum b) hadn’t vacuumed c) haven’t vacuumed d) hasn’t vacuumed

7. Husband (to wife): I shall buy fresh bread on Saturday.

The husband promised his wife that he…some fresh bread on Saturday.

a) shall buy b) should buy c) buy d) would buy

8. Mary to the teacher): I have been ill for two days.

Mary said to the teacher that she… ill for two days.

a) had been b) was c) has been d) have been

9. Tailor: We shall get some nice blouses next week.

The tailor promised that they would get some nice blouses…

a) next week b) the previous week c) that week d) the following week

10. Kate (unhappily): but there is no balcony here.

Kate complained that there was no balcony…

a) here b) there c) their d) over there

11. Ann: my grammar is the best in the group.

Ann boasted that…grammar was the best in the group.

a) my b) her c) girl’s d) Ann’s

12. Kate (to Jane): When you called me yesterday evening I was taking a shower and couldn’t come to the telephone.

Kate explained to Jane that when she called her on the previous evening she…a shower and couldn’t come to the telephone.

a) taking b) took c) was taking d) was taken

13. Guest: these tarts are very delicious.

The guest said that …tarts were very delicious.

a) these b) those c) that d) the following

14. New-comer: I was in Paris in 2002.

The new-comer explained that he…to Paris in 2002.

a) has been b) had bee n c) was

15. Teacher ( to the students): The meeting is to begin at 11.

The teacher informed the students that the meeting… at 11.

a) was begun b) begin c) has to begin d) was to begin

16. The teacher (to the pupils): Do you follow me?

The teacher asked the pupils …him.

a) 16. The teacher (to the pupils): Do you follow me?

The teacher asked the pupils …him.

a) if they followed b) would they follow c) are they following

d) did they follow him

9. My sister (to me): Do you know how to cook a pie?

My sister asked me…

1. did I know how to cook a pie b) do you know how to cook a pie

c) if I knew how to cook a pie d) does she know how to cook a pie

18. .Boss (to the secretary): Why didn’t you come yesterday?

The boss asked the secretary why…

a) she hadn’t come the day before b) didn’t she come yesterday

c) she didn’t come the day before d) she hasn’t come recently

19. Mother (to daughter): Whose doll is lying on the floor?

Mother asked her daughter whose toy…on the floor.

1. is lying b)had been lying c) was lying d) lay

20. The friends (to Dan): How long have you been here?

The friends asked Dan how long…

a) he had been there b) had he been there c ) he had been here

d) had he been here

21.Alice ( to me): What news has he broken to you?

Alice wanted to know what news…

1. has he broken to you b) he had broken to her

c) had I broken to her d) he broken to her

22. Jane (to her friend): Were you invited to the concert?

Jane asked her friend…to the concert.

a) if she was invited b) if she had been invited

c) had she been invite d) she was invited

23. Mother (to son)”: Did you do the flat yesterday?

Mother asked her son…the flat the day before yesterday.

a) if he had done b) if he did c) did he do d) if he has done

24. Granny: “Is it snowing outside?”

Granny asked…outside.

if it is snowing d) it was snowing

25. She (to me) : “What is your name?”

She asked … name.

a) my name b) what is my name c) what was my name d) her name

26.I thought the time ... convenient for everybody.

a) is b) was c) will be d) has been

27. I am not sure that everybody…our suggestion.

a) likes b) liked c) like d) to like

Вместо пропусков поставьте предлоги или наречия, где необходимо:

1. A friend…need is a friend indeed. 2. No smoke…fire. 3. There’s no rose…a thorn. 4. All cats are grey…the dark. 5. I was surprised…the reaction…my suggestion. 6. His attitude…his job is very negative. 7. Do you have a good relationship…your colleagues? 8. The police want to question a man…connection…the robbery. 9. The police believe that there is no connection…the two crimes. 10. There are some differences…British and American English. 11. It was very kind…you to invite me. 12. Why were you so unfriendly…Teresa? 13. Are you annoyed…me …being late? 14. I was delighted…the present you gave…me. 15. I hope you were not shocked…what I said. 16. I don’t enjoy…my job any more; I am fed up…it. 17. I am sorry…shouting…you yesterday. 18. I feel sorry…George. 19. I went…in the cold…a coat. 20. I needed…money and my friend gave it…me. 21. Can I help you…your language? 22. He didn’t thank me…the present. 23. They refused to speak…each other. 24. Why are you so jealous…other people? 25. I’m sure you are capable…passing the examination.

UNIT 29 THE PASSIVE VOICE

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующей форме действительного залога и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (Participle II):

Не was given a new book yesterday. Ему дали новую книгу вчера.

They will be shown many new books tomorrow. Завтра им покажут много новых книг.

The professor is being attentively listened to. Профессора слушают внимательно.

Спряжение глаголов в страдательном залоге.

В страдательном залоге употребляются времена группы Indefinite, Present Continuous, Perfect. Формы Future Continuous заменяются на Future Indefinite, а временные группы Perfect Continuous заменяются на времена группы Perfect.

Tense	Person	Number
		Singular	Plural
Present Indefinite	1 2 3	I am told – мне говорят You are told – вам говорят He is told – ему говорят She is told – ей говорят It is told – ему говорят	We are told - нам говорят You are told - вам говорят They are told - им говорят
Past Indefinite	1 2 3	I was told - мне говорили You were told - вам говорили He was told - ему говорили She was told - ей говорили It was told - ему говорили	We were told - нам говорили You were told - вам говорили They were told - им говорили
Future Indefinite	1 2 3	I shall be told - мне скажут You will be told - вам скажут He will be told - ему скажут She will be told - ей скажут It will be told - ему скажут	We shall be told - нам скажут You will be told - вам скажут They will be told - им скажут
Present Continuous	1 2 3	I am being told - мне говорят You are being told - вам говорят He is being told - ему говорят She is being told - ей говорят It is being told - ему говорят	We are being told - нам говорят You are being told - вам говорят They are being told -им говорят
Past Continuous	1 2 3	I was being told - мне говорили You were being told -тебе говорили He was being told-ему говорили She was being told- ей говорили It was being told-ему говорили	We were being told-нам говорили You were being told-вам говорили They were being told-им говорили
Present Perfect	1 2 3	I have been told-мне сказали You have been told-вам сказали He has been told-ему сказали She has been told-ей сказали It has been told-ему сказали	We have been told-нам сказали You have been told-вам сказали They have been told-им сказали
Past Perfect	1 2 3	I had been told-мне сказали You had been told-вам сказали He had been told-ему сказали She had been told-ей сказали It had been told-ему сказали	We had been told-нам сказали You had been told-вам сказали They had been told-им сказали
Future Perfect	1 2 3	I shall have been told-мне скажут You will have been told-вам скажут He will have been told-ему скажут She will have been told-ей скажут It will have been told-ему скажут	We shall have been told- нам скажут You will have been told-вам скажут They will have been told-им скажут
Future in the Past Indefinite	1 2 3	I should be told - мне скажут You would be told - вам скажут He will be told - ему скажут She would be told - ей скажут It would be told - ему скажут	We should be told - нам скажут You would be told - вам скажут They would be told - им скажут
Future in the Past Perfect	1 2 3	I should have been told-мне скажут You would have been told-вам скажут He would have been told-ему скажут She would have been told-ей скажут We should have been told-нам скажут They would have been told-им скажут It would have been told-ему скажут	We should have been told - нам скажут You would have been told - вам скажут They would have been told - им скажут

Употребление времен в страдательном залоге соответствует употреблению времен в активном залоге.

Страдательный залог употребляется:

а). Когда исполнитель действия неизвестен:

Не was killed in 1942. Он был убит в 1942 году.

b). Когда исполнитель действия известен, но намеренно не упоминается говорящим.

You were told once about your duties. Вам уже говорили о ваших обязанностях.

Однако если исполнитель действия все-таки упоминается говорящим, то он вводится в предложение с помощью предлога «by»:

The house was built by Jack. Дом был построен Джеком.

Если действие выполнено инструментом или орудием, то он вводится в предложение с помощью предлога «with».

The sentences are written with chalk. Предложения написаны мелом.

Страдательный залог более употребителен в английском языке, чем в русском. В русском языке только прямое дополнение переходного глагола в активном залоге может стать подлежащим в страдательном залоге. В английском языке косвенное дополнение переходного глагола и предложное дополнение непереходного глагола в активном залоге могут быть подлежащими в страдательном залоге: глаголы с двумя дополнениями могут иметь две конструкции в страдательном залоге.

I gave John an interesting book. .

An interesting book was given to John.

John was given an interesting book.

а) предлоги не должны опускаться

The picture is being looked with great interest. На картину смотрят с большим интересом.

The doctor was sent for. За доктором послали.

б) наречия образа действия ставятся перед глаголам, к которому они относятся:

The dress was perfectly made. Платье было прекрасно сшито.

Задание

Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. “Bed and Breakfast” is offered in any English small hotel. 2. These data were not included into the report. 3. This laboratory is provided with the modern equipment. 4. The scientists working in this laboratory are well-known in our country as well as abroad. 5. Researches conducted in the laboratory are usually followed with great interest. 6. Moscow is visited by lots of tourists coming from different parts of the world. 7. This method is being widely discussed. 8. References to this work have been very often made lately. 8 These two underground lines will be linked in a month. 9. The Cavendish Laboratory known throughout the world was open in 1871. 10. Newspapers are delivered regularly and in time. 11. Laws are usually discussed before they are adopted. 12. It’s very good that the club is run by the students. 13. The notes dealt with a case which had been closed months before. 14. He was greatly impressed. 15. He wondered what detectives will be chosen to investigate the case. 16. Fried potatoes are often eaten with fish. 17. Progress is being made all the time. 18. A man had been killed in this house a few days before he was reported missing. 19. Part-time attendant is required. 20 You are wanted on the telephone.

Не прибегая к переводу предложений, по грамматическим признакам определите, в каких предложениях сказуемое выражено глаголом в страдательном залоге:

1. The energy crisis has shown the necessity for searching new sources of energy. 2. Researchers of many countries have been working for years on projects to exploit some new sources of energy. 3. It is planned to solve the world’s energy problem with the technological means at our disposal. 4. In the thirties some solar energy cycles were discovered. 5. These cycles are based on the nuclear fusion. 6. In some two years the first section of the new apparatus is to go into operation. 7. The technological process is so complicated that only the basic principle of its action will be outlined here. 8. Suitable fuels will be provided by heavy and super heavy hydrogen. 9. They offered me a cup of tea. 10. In Japan the names of the rules are changed but not the rules. 11. The car will be parked at the parking place near the hotel. 12. Columbus discovered America in 1492. 13. The waiter will serve you breakfast in five minutes. 14. I shall give you a cup of coffee if you want. 15. Do you mean we have been invited to the party too? 16. They close the shop at 6.

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Переведите предложения

Present Indefinite Passive:

1. Two hundred people are employed by the company. 2. This classroom is cleaned every day. 3. He is not often invited to the parties. 4. How is this word pronounced? 5. Cheese is made from milk. 6. New films are shown in our local cinema. 7. Most of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. 8. This road is not used very often. 9. You are wanted on the phone. 10. Our students are given a lot of homework to do every day. 11. English is spoken in many countries. 12. This story is much spoken about.

Past Indefinite Passive:

1. The house was built in 1999. 2. The book was translated into Spanish a few years ago. 3. Do you know when the telephone was invented? 4. When was Australia discovered? 5. The letter was posted a week ago.

John and his younger sister were brought up by their grandparents. 6. The man was born in London in 1985. 7. He was shown the way to the museum. 8. Who were the novels written by? 9. What books were discussed in class last month? 10. The delegation was mat at the airport. 11. Who was this picture painted by? 12. The flowers were sent to the actress by her admirers.

Future Indefinite Passive:

1. I’m afraid that the work will be done wrong. 2. All flights will be cancelled because of the bad weather.3. A new office will soon be built in this street. 3. This translation will be finished tomorrow. 4. I hope that the problem will be soon solved. 4. These grammar rules will be revised at the next lesson. 5. The new house will be surrounded by a high fence. 6. Smoking won’t be allowed here. 7. He will be given the material for his report. 8. In a few years this mine will be exhausted. 9. The children will be washed by the nurse in the evening. 10. The book will be registered in the library. 11. We’ll be given a long form to fill in. 12. The doctor will be sent for.

Present Continuous Passive:

1. Look! She is being invited to the party! 2. Why don’t you answer? You are being asked. 3. New sources of energy are being searched at present. 3. Listen! The film is being advertised on television. 4. The problem is being solved now in conference. 5. Dictations are been written all the time. 6. The birthday cake is being baked now. 7. What is being discussed at the moment? 8. A new school is being built in our district. 9. A new film is being demonstrated in the lecture hall. 10. He is sure that he is being followed by someone. 11. The prize money is being counted now. 12. I am being examined now.

Past Continuous Passive:

1. The children were being taught drawing at that lesson. 2. I know that I was being waited foe and went immediately. 3. The problem was being discussed when I joined the team. 4. He was being asked a difficult question when the telephone rang. 5. The secret papers were being looked for when he remembered where he had put them. 6. The suitcases were being packed when the door suddenly opened. 7. The room was being cleaned when mother came. 8. The shoes were being repaired, when I entered the room.9. The house was being shown, when the agent joined them. 10. Your product was being advertised on TV when I finished the letter to you. 11. The house was being repaired when the family returned. 12. The papers were being signed at that time.

Present Perfect Passive:

1. I have been just told about it. 2. The doctor has already arrived. 3. The article has been translated from Russian into English. 4. The problem has been solved. 5. I have been informed about everything. 6. The composition has been written by her. 6. The conversation has been finished. 7. The letter has been received. 8. They have been trained properly. 9. The things have already been packed. 10. They have already repaired the house. 10. The tickets have been booked. 11. Has this book been published yet? 12. The flat has just been cleaned.

Past Perfect Passive:

1. When I came in, the conversation had been finished. 2. When you rang me up, the problem had already been solved. 3. I knew that the university had been founded in the early thirties. 4. The dinner had been cooked when the family got together at last. 5. When I came in, the conversation had been finished. 6. When we met her she told us that she had been followed by a stranger since morning. 7.They said that the article had been already translated by my friend. 8.

Future Perfect Passive:

1. By the time you come, I shall have done the work. 2. The tea will not have been served by five o’clock.

3. We shall have been asked a lot of questions by the end of the test. 4. By the time you return, the linen will have been washed. 5. They said that he would have been invited to the party by that time. 6. I hoped that all my things would have been packed before my return. .

Future in the Past Indefinite Passive:

1. He said that the letter would be written. 2. I was sure she would be offered an interesting job. 3. I knew that he would be satisfied with the results of the experiment. 4 I knew that the doctor would order me a long rest. 5. I was informed that they would meet for the talks at the beginning of the month. 6. They warned me that my name would not be mentioned in the article.

Future in the Past Perfect Passive:

1. He said that the letter would have been written. 2. He said that they would be inform us about it immediately. 3. I knew that the results of the experiment would be widely discussed. 4. I was sure that after my talk I should be asked a lot of questions. 5. We were afraid that some of our results would be doubted. 6. We knew that they would be compared with those obtained in other laboratories. 7. I was sure that all the questions would be answered in detail. 8. He said that the letter would have been sent by the end of the week.

Переведите предложения:

1. I think that his book will be often referred to. 2. The film was much spoken about. 3. The doctor has been sent for.4. He was laughed at by everybody. 5. This author has been much spoken about. 6. Researches conducted in the laboratory are usually followed with great interest. 7. The picture was looked at and often asked about. 8. While demonstrating the illustrative materials I knew they were attentively looked at. 9. The demonstration of the experiment was followed with great interest. 10.

Переведите предложения:

1. English is spoken all over the world. 2. Football is played all year round. 3. I think fish is not eaten with a knife. 4. Oral exercises are usually done in class. 5. This grammar exercise will be done at the lesson tomorrow. 6. The tickets were booked beforehand. 7. Were these problems discussed at the yesterday meeting? 8. His dog is taken out for a walk twice a day. 9. On her birthday Mother was happy because she was given very beautiful flowers. 10. The boy was found in the thick dark forest only in a few hours. 11. The cats were given fish in the morning. 12. By Saturday the winter clothes of the children had been aired out in the sun. 13. As the tickets had been bought beforehand we had nothing to worry about. 14. What is done cannot be undone. 15. A tree is known by its fruit. 16. Lost time is never found again. 17. Rome was not built in a day. 18. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. 19. Never fry a fish till it is caught. 20. A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 21. A man is known by the company he keeps. 22. The devil is not as black as he painted. 23. Hell is paved with good intentions. 24. Ask no questions and you will be told no lies. 25. Marriages are made in heaven. 26. At the examination the teacher asked me a lot of tricky questions. 27. Do you see that tree? The lightning struck it last night. 28. Grandparents often spoil their grandchildren. 29. Millions of people saw that film. 30. I’m afraid I shan’t do the work in time. 31. I don’t like when somebody laughs at me. 32. They are building a new supermarket opposite our house. 33. I’m sure by 10 o’clock she’ll have typed all the documents. 34. The librarian said that we might keep the books for two weeks. 35. They built this house twenty five years ago.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Indefinite Passive:

1. Water (to drink) every day. 2. A lot of new buildings (to construct) in our city every year. 3. Hockey (to play) in winter. 4. She often (to send) to the post office. 5. They always (to invite) to Ann’s birthday parties. 6. Michael often (to ask) to tell his story. 7. The books and newspapers (to keep) on the shelves. 8. We often (to remember about) in the village. 9. I (to give) some juice every day. 10. My sister usually (to help) at school. 11. This holiday (to celebrate) every year by many countries. 12.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite Passive:

1. The telegram (to receive) an hour ago. 2. Nick (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 3. He (to give) a very interesting article in the library yesterday. 4. A very difficult text (to translate) at the last lesson. 5. Many trees (to plant) in the park last autumn. 6. She (to give) a very nice dress for her birthday. 7. Last summer I (to teach) to swim. 8. She (to offer) a cup of coffee. 9. The letters (to write) the day before yesterday. 10. The book (to read) with great interest. 11. The purse (to lose) by Sue yesterday. 12. The thing is that her bag (not to fasten).

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Future Indefinite Passive:

1. The secretary (to send) to London next week. 2. The work (to do) in time. 3. We hope that we (to invite) to the party. 4. Her new novel (to finish) next month. 5. Our luggage (to bring) to our room by the porter. 6. The roof of the house (to paint) by the boys. 7. The tickets (to buy) tomorrow. 8. I am afraid this rule (to forget) by me. 9. The question (to answer) at the next conference. 10. The flowers (to sell) in the market next morning. 11. Beefsteak and tea (to serve) soon. 12. I am sure that you (to impress) by the beauty of the night city.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в одной из форм Perfect Passive:

1. The huge wall (to decorate) perfectly by the evening. 2. This book (to use) since my childhood. 3. The crops (to damage) by the rain. 4. The tickets (to bring) an hour before we started for the airport. 5. “Swan Lake” (to stage) throughout the whole century. 6. They students (to listen) to the lecture very attentively, so they can answer all the questions. 7. We (to clean) the house thoroughly, so we can invite the guests. 8. They already (to discuss) the film.9. The dean (to approve) the timetable, so we can copy it. 10. We (to think) over his proposal and want to follow all the recommendations. 11. By the end of the year they (to restore) the monument. 12. This accident (to forget) by his return home.

Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в правильной форме:

1. The preparations for the party just (to complete) when the first guests (to arrive). 2. Last week the boss (to assure) us that we (to tell) about the coming changes. 3. You can’t use the fax. It (to fix) now. 4. “What strange sounds!” – “Our piano (to tune). He (to do) it for three hours already. It (to make) me mad.” 5. Look! Somebody (to break) my computer! 6. She (to give) him the book his teacher (to recommend). 7. I (not to hear) what he (to said). You (to repeat) it? 8. At that time nobody (to think) that this book (to be) popular with the readers. 9. How often he (to go) to his parents’ house? – Twice a month I suppose. 10. By the end of the year we (to accomplish) the construction of this building, I can tell you. 11. I hope the plan (approve) by my parents. 12.…you (make) dinner yet? 13. The medicine mustn’t (take) before meals. 14. Application forms (return) by Wednesday. 15. The money (lose) yesterday. 16. I (assess) her as someone who I couldn’t rely upon. 17. The goods (not to pay) for yet. 18. The children (to look) after by their aunt now. 19. Some thief (break) into the shop yesterday. 20. The linen should (put) into this basket. 21. Dad (to examine) by the doctor now. 22. The article (to translate) by the student from 8 till10 tonight. 23. She assured me that the dress (to make) in time next Friday. 24. All kinds of foodstuff (to buy) in the supermarket as a rule. 25. Hurry up! You (to wait for) by Mary. 26. The girl was so attractive that she (to look at) by everybody in the hall. 27. The old people are rather helpless and must (to take care of). 28. I

(to give) a cassette with the songs of the pop-group last week. 29. The problem (to pay) too much attention to at the last conference. 30. You’d better stay in the corridor at break. The classroom (to air) at the moment. 31. This book must (to read) by every student. 32. You should (to translate) this article.33.I am sure I (to ask) at the lesson tomorrow. 34. The hostess said that one more guest (to expect). 35. This doctor often (to send) for. 36. An interesting exhibition (to open) in the Hermitage the next week. 37. Two new engineers (to introduce) to the head of the department. 38. All the questions must (to answer). 39. They (to translate the article) at the lesson on Monday. 40. The new time-table (to hang up) on the board yet. 41. Who (to send) for the doctor? 42. Two new novels (to write) this year. 43. I didn’t know when the dinner (to begin). 44. John is very awkward. He (to laugh at) often. 45. Snow (to cover) the fields in winter. 46. The boy was pleased because he (to allow) to go to the stadium. 47. The letter (to receive) after his departure. 48. Have dogs ever (to attack) you? 49. The mountain never (to climb) before.

Выберите соответствующее указание времени и определите его место в предложении:

1. She has graduated from the University (two years ago, already). 2. Interesting and significant researches have been conducted in this laboratory (at that time, in 1998). 3. They have improved their equipment (last year, just). 4. The laboratory was provided with modern research equipment (a year ago, recently). 5. A great number of new research laboratories have been constructed ten years ago, recently).

Закончите предложения, иcпользуя конструкции страдательного залога:

1. Smoking…in the building.2. The old town hospital… 3. This dress…yet. 4. Petrol prices…5. A new novel…this month. 6. I didn’t know when the lecture… 7. The house …still… 8. I…a lot of difficult questions. 9. He… by the police. 10. The dinner…by 6 o’clock. 11. The way…to the tourists by the old man. 12. She…three beautiful cups as a birthday present. 13. A box of fruit...to the house. 14. The woman…by two children. 15. The boat…by the huge waves. 16. The flowers…regularly. 17. Some nice shells…from the south. 18. A long interview …by the explorers to the reporters. 19. We…English by our dean. 20. At last the composition… 21.The dinner table… 22.The pies…from 6 till 8 tomorrow.

23.The dinner…when I came home. 24.The patient…immediately. 25.He…in a week. 26.The pianist…by the guests. 27.The house…by the marble pavilion. 28.The roof of the house…later. 29. A fence …around the court. 30. A new album of pictures…to you.

Укажите индексы сказуемых правой колонки, которые соответствуют английским эквивалентам в левой колонке. Напишите примеры употребления этих глагольных форм:

1.will be sold were sold are being soil	a)продаются b)были проданы c)будут проданы
2.is coming has come came	a) приехал b) приезжал c)приедет
3.will be discussed has been discussed was discussed	a) oбсудили b)будут обсуждать с) обсуждали
4.Were being created has been created is being created	a) был создан b)создается c)создавался

Перефразируйте предложения, используя страдательный залог:

1. They often invite me to their parties. 2. People speak English in different parts of the world. 3. One uses milk for making butter. 4. They build a lot of new houses in this district every year. 5. My grandfather built this house in 1996. 6. They punished the boy for that. 7. He finished his work in time. 8. People will forget it very soon. 9. Someone will ask him about it. 10. They will tell you when to come. 11. They had done everything before we came. 12. They are examining the last student now. 13. They are constructing some new metro lines now. 14. When I switched on the radio, they were broadcasting a very interesting programme.

Переведите предложения:

1. За вашими детьми присмотрят, если вы вернетесь поздно. 2. Телеграмму уже принесли? Да, ее принесли полчаса назад. 3. После конференции гостям показали лабораторию. 4. Когда мы пришли, гостям показывали лабораторию. 5. К концу недели все книги были распроданы. 6. Нас ожидали в среду, а мы приехали в понедельник. 7. В этом зале проводятся конференции и презентации. 8. Какой вопрос обсуждался, когда ты пришел? 9. Около театра строится новое кафе. 10. Как только документы будут подписаны, мы отошлем их в Москву. 11. Я надеюсь, что моя статья будет напечатана в вашем журнале. 12. Мы хотим, чтобы наше изделие было опубликовано в вашем следующем каталоге. 13. Мне пообещали помочь справиться с этой работой. 14. Когда и где состоится конференция? 15. Я уверен, что она не придет, пока ее не пригласят. 16. Мне предложили билет в театр, но я был очень занят и потому отказался. 17. Студентам нашего института преподают несколько иностранных языков. 18. Ему уже сказали об этом. 19. Кого послали в командировку за границу? 20. Почту просмотрели. 21. Вы должны хорошо выучить новые слова, потому что они будут включены в контрольную работу. 22. Данный метод теперь широко используется. 23. Много известных ученых было приглашено на конференцию. 24. Все доклады были выслушаны со вниманием. 25. Этот институт был основан во время войны. 26. А когда был организован ваш институт?

Заполните пропуски предлогами, где необходимо:

1. Is she married…your brother? 2. The letter you wrote is full…mistakes. I’m a bit short…money. 3. It’s typical…him to keep everybody waiting. 4. Come on, I’m tired…waiting! 5. I’m not very good…repairing things. 6. Linda is married…an American. 7. Your writing is similar…mine. 8. The film was different…what I expected. 9. Are you interested…art? 10. I don’t want to be dependent…anybody. 11. The city centre was full…tourists. 12. The streets were crowded…people. 13. The Italian city of Florence is famous…its art treasures. 14. Who was responsible…all that noise…last night? 15. Why are you looking…me like that? 16. I’m afraid everybody will laugh…me. 17. Who was that man you were talking…? 18. We spent the evening listening…music. 19. Sorry I have not written…you…such a log time. 20. Did you phone…your father last night?

UNIT 30 THE MODAL VERBS

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

Модальные глаголы не выражают действия, а передают лишь отвлеченные модальные значения необходимости, возможности, целесообразности, желательности. Действие же выражается инфинитивом, который следует за этим модальным глаголом без частицы to:

I can make this report. Я могу сделать этот доклад.

May I come in? Можно (мне) войти?

They must do this work in time. Они должны сделать эту работу вовремя.

We needn’t go to work today. Нам не надо идти на работу сегодня.

По роли в предложении модальные глаголы являются служебными. Поскольку они выражают лишь отношение к действию, а не само действие, они никогда не употребляются в качестве отдельного члена предложения. Модальные глаголы называются еще недостаточными, потому что им не достает некоторых признаков, присущих основным глаголам, они:

1) не имеют форм герундия, причастия и инфинитива (т.е. неличных форм);

2) имеют одну форму для всех лиц и чисел;

3) присоединяют к себе инфинитив без частицы to;

4) вопросительную и отрицательную формы строят без вспомогательного глагола do:

Can you speak English? Вы можете говорить по-английски?

You mustn’t go there. Вы не должны ходить туда.

Временные формы, в основном, образуют от своих эквивалентов;

не образуют форм повелительного наклонения;

могут иметь полную и краткую слитную форму с отрицательной частицей «not»:

may not — mayn't [meint]

must not — mustn't ['mAsnt]

cannot — can't [ka:nt]

need not — needn't ['ni:dnt]

The Modal Verb CAN

Can (мочь, уметь, быть в состоянии) выражает:

1. Умственную или физическую способность к совершению действия:

I can read English books. Я могу читать книги на английском языке.

He can play tennis. Он умеет играть в теннис.

2. Возможность совершения действия

I can go home now. Теперь я могу пойти домой.

Форма can употребляется в настоящем времени. Соответствующая форма для прошедшего времени — could [kud]:

You could prepare your homework yesterday. Вы могли приготовить домашнее задание вчера.

Для построения будущего времени и других необходимых временных форм используется его эквивалент to be able to:

They will be able to pass successfully all the exams.

Они смогут успешно сдать все экзамены.

He said that he would be able to meet you at the airport.

Он сказал, что сможет встретить тебя в аэропорту.

Задание

Переведите предложения:

1. Can I help you? 2. Can you spell your name, please? 3. Can I have your passport? 4. Can I speak to Mr. Smith? 5. Can you meet me at the airport? 6. Can I sign it here? 7. Can you open your suitcase, sir? 8. Can I buy the ticket at the airport? 9. Can you see the name of the hotel? 10. Can I leave tomorrow? 11. Can I smoke here? 12. Can you bring me a bottle of mineral water? 13. Can you give me the address of your firm? 14. Can I do it tomorrow? 15. Can you spell it? 16. If you don’t take your umbrella, you can get wet through. 17. You could call your parents and ask for the money if you haven’t got any. 18. It can’t be true. 19. Can I help you? 20. I can come and help you if you like. 21. I haven’t been able to sleep recently. 22. When we came into the house, we could smell burning. 23. I shan’t be able to join you.

The Modal Verb MAY

May (мочь) выражает разрешение на совершение действия:

You may go home now. Вы можете идти теперь.

Отрицательный ответ на вопрос, начинающийся с may, который выражает запрещение совершения действия, строится при помощи модального глагола must в отрицательной форме (mustn't):

May I come in? Можно мне войти?

I am afraid you mustn't. Нет, нельзя.

Вежливый утвердительный ответ даётся в форме Do, please:

May I take it? Можно мне взять это?

Do, please. Да, пожалуйста.

Форма may употребляется в настоящем времени. Соответствующая форма для прошедшего времени — might [mait]:

We might pass English test in advance.

Мы могли сдать тест по английскому языку досрочно.

Для построения будущего времени и других необходимых временных форм употребляется глагол- эквивалент to be allowed. Необходимо иметь в виду, что инфинитив смыслового глагола после эквивалента to be allowed следует с частицей to:

I shall be allowed to pass my exam in advance.

Мне можно будет (мне разрешат) сдать экзамен досрочно.

May имеет значение возможности совершения действия в зависимости от разрешения или вероятности его совершения:

He might go away after classes but he didn’t.

Он мог уйти после уроков (ему разрешили(б но он не ушел.

It may rain today, though the sun is shining brightly.

Возможно сегодня будет дождь, хотф сейчас и светит солнце.

Задание

Переведите предложения:

1. May I come in? 2. May I see the menu, please? 3. May I take your dictionary? 4. May I sit here? 5. May I wait here? 6. May I listen to the song once more? 7. May I have my passport, please? 8. May I join you? 9. May I have my ticket back? 10. May I have my bill, please? 11. You may take your day off whenever you like. 12. If convicted, an accused person may appeal to the court. 13. May I have my test on Wednesday? 14. You may not enter the house until you have permission. 15. Jim said he might go home for the vacation. 16. They might come, but I am not sure. 17. The sky is dark, it may rain this afternoon. 18. It may be still raining. 19. I’m afraid I shan’t be allowed to join the group/ 20. Kate didn’t answer the phone. She may have been asleep. 21. It may be true. 22. Ann may not come to the party tonight, she is ill.

The Modal Verb MUST

Must (быть должным, обязанным, долженствовать) выражает необходимость, обязательность совершения действия:

You must do this exercise now. Вы должны сделать это упражнение сейчас.

Отрицательный ответ на вопрос, начинающийся с глагола must, который выражает отсутствие необходимости совершения действия, строится при помощи модального глагола «need»в отрицательной форме needn't:

Must I do it now? Я должен это сделать?

No, you needn't. Нет, не обязательно.

Форма must употребляется в настоящем времени.

Для построения прошедшего, будущего и других необходимых временных форм берется один из двух его эквивалентов: to be to и to have to.

To have to выражает необходимость совершения действия в зависимости от обстоятельств. Инфинитив смыслового глагола после эквивалентов to be to и to have употребляется с частицей to:

I had to do it yesterday. Мне пришлось сделать это вчера.

I shall have to do it tomorrow. Мне придется сделать это завтра.

Примечание: Вопросительная и отрицательная формы в настоящем и прошедшем времени с эквивалентом to have to строится при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do.

Did you have to do it yesterday? Вы должны были сделать это вчера?

I didn't have to do it yesterday. Мне не надо было делать это вчера.

Must может выражать предположение:

It must be cold ouside.

На улице должно быть холодно.

Must, may, might, can’t в значении предположения

Must - должно быть

May - может быть

Might - может быть (но маловероятно)

Can’t - не может быть

She must have forgotten your address. Она, должно быть, забыла ваш адрес.

She may have gone. Она, может быть, уехала.

She might have fallen ill. Может быть, она заболела.

She can’t have missed the lesson. Не может быть, что она пропустила урок.

Задание

Переведите предложения:

1. I must work tonight. 2. I must have a hotel reservation for my boss. 3. He had to inspect the work of the firm. 4. I had to get up very early as my work began at 8. 15. 5. You’ll have to go on business next month. 6. You don’t have to drive tonight. I can do it. 7. It’s late. I’ll have to go by taxi.8. You’ll have to fill in this form. 9. Yesterday I had to work late at night. 10. You must tell me the truth. 11. Must I go and see the manager now? 12. The children mustn’t stay outside by themselves. 13. You must feel hungry. 14. Somebody had to take the responsibility for the accident. 15. He had to earn his living when he was 15. 16. Do we have to stay in town the whole summer? 17. You won’t have to answer his questions. 18. He is a very good specialist, you must meet him. 19. My eyesight is not very good, I must wear glasses. 20. I had to go to the hospital yesterday. 21. He must have left his key at home.

Конструкция be + Infinitive

Данная конструкция выражает запланированное действие.

We are to meet at the station at 12.

Мы должны (договорились) встретиться на станции в 12 часов.

He is to come in ten minutes.

Он должен прийти (договорились) через десять минут.

The train is to leave at 7. p. m.

Поезд отправляется (по расписанию) в 7 часов вечера.

The lecture was to begin at 9 a. m.

Обозначение будущего действия:

I was to go there.

Мне предстояло пойти туда (должен буду).

Задание

Прочитайте и переведите предложения:

1. The Company was to deliver the goods in May. 2. We are to test the device next week. 3. We are to pay for the services in dollars. 4. They are to marry in June. 5. They were to leave on Monday. 6. The contest was to be held in the school assembly hall. 7. Later they were to meet a few more times. 8. I was to wait for her at the railway station at eight o’clock. 9. We were to get there before the others. 10. She is to graduate this year. 10. There was to be a discussion later on. 11. Who is to take care of the children? 12. What am I to do if I come early? 13. Who was to do the cooking? 14. The students are to return the books to the library before the first of June. 15. The patient is to stay in bed for a few days. 16. I told her she was to open the window for a while every day.

The Modal Verb NEED

Need (быть должным, обязанным) выражает необходимость, долженствование. Форма need употребляется в настоящем времени и преимущественно в отрицательной и вопросительной форме:

Need he take this book? Ему нужно взять эту книгу

He needn't take this book. Ему не надо брать эту книгу.

Глагол need может быть как модальным, так и смысловым: to need -нуждаться, т.е имеет значение необходимости: при отрицательном ответе на вопрос Must I do it?

Must I meet Ann?

No, you mustn’t. (Я не хочу, чтобы ты встречал Анну.)

No, you needn’t. (Нет необходимости, не стоит делать этого.)

You need not have done it.

Вы могли не делать этого (а сделали).

То need образует вопросительную и отрицательную форму при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do и может иметь прямое дополнение:

Does he need a dictionary? Ему нужен словарь?

Не doesn't need a dictionary. Ему не нужен словарь.

You need not have done it. Вы могли не делать этого (а сделали).

Сравните:

You cannot do it.

Ты не можешь делать этого.

You need not do it.

Ты можешь этого не делать.

Глагол need не употребляется в продолженной форме (Continuous).

Задание

Переведите предложения:

1. You need not do it. 2. You need not have bought it. 3. You need not read so much. 4. He cannot translate from Russian into English. 5. He need not translate from Russian into English. 6. You need not remind me about your birthday. 7. There was no need for you to be present. 8. Why have you done this work? You needn’t have done it. 9. I could have stayed in bed longer; I needn’t have got up so early. 10. You needn’t phone me every day.

The Modal Verbs SHOULD, OUGHT TO

Эти модальные глагола очень близки по значению. Их перевод на русский язык соответствует словам «следует, должен». В зависимости от употребления, эти глаголы могут выражать различные оттенки значения.

1. Should и ought to могут употребляться в косвенной речи и выражать действия, относящиеся к прошлому:

I told him that he should be more attentive.

Я сказал ему, что ему следует быть более внимательным.

I told her that she ought to come.

Я сказала ей, что она должна прийти.

В сочетании с инфинитивом эти глаголы употребляются для выражения морального обязательства совершения действия, относящегося к настоящему или будущему:

You ought to be more careful. Вам следует быть осторожнее.

You should see your parents. Вам следует навестить родителей.

Глаголы should и ought to могут употребляться с перфектным инфинитивом, и в этом случае они выражают сожаление, упрек тому, что уже сделано или не сделано:

You should have done it. Вы должны были сделать это (но не сделали).

I oughtn’t to have come. Мне не следовало приходить.

Часто глаголы выражают совет, относящийся к настоящему или будущему:

You ought to work harder. Вам следует работать упорнее.

You should see a doctor. Вам следует обратиться к врачу.

Глагол should передает предполагаемое или возможное действие в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем

- Do you think you’ll be late tonight?

Ты придешь сегодня поздно?

-I don’t think so. I should be home at the usual time.

Не думаю. Я, вероятно, буду дома в обычное время.

Глагол would передает желание или обращение:

We asked her several times but she would keep silent.

Мы спрашивали ее несколько раз, но она молчала (не хотела говорить).

Would you mind telling me the time?

Не скажете ли вы мне, который час?

I would like (I’d like) to speak to him.

Мне бы хотелось поговорить с ним.

Would you mind if I use your telephone?

Вы не возражаете, если я воспользуюсь вашим телефоном?

Глаголы shall и will являются не только вспомогательными, но и модальными. Когда shall стоит во всех лицах, он означает не столько будущее время, сколько приказание, обещание, угрозу:

You shall go there at once!

Вы пойдете туда немедленно!

He shall be punished.

Он будет наказан (угроза).

They shall have this book. У них будет эта книга (я обещаю).

Когда will стоит в 1- лице, он выражает не только будущее время, но и желание или намерение что-либо сделать:

I will help him.

Я помогу ему (это мое желание).

We will go there.

Мы пойдем туда (это наше намерение).

Задание 1

Переведите предложения:

1. You should send a letter of confirmation tomorrow. 2. They should fill in this form in French. 3. You should speak English at the lesson. 4. You should not smoke here. 5. Should we leave now for the airport?

6. Students should be well prepared for every lesson. 7. If you feel ill, you should stay in bed. 8. Do you think your son ought to see a doctor? 9. You oughtn’t eat cakes; you are putting on weight. 10. Parents ought to take care of their small children. 10. Would you like to have a cup of coffee? 11. Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow?

Задание 2

Какой модальный глагол вы употребили бы при переводе следующих предложений:

1. Я должен идти. 2. Я не могу остаться. 3. Я должен был уйти еще два часа тому назад. 4. Ты должен будешь сделать эту работу сам. 5. Думаю, я смогу прийти завтра и помочь вам. 6. Вы должны были показать мне ваш доклад раньше. 7. Мы могли поработать вместе.

can will have to had to must shall be able to could

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ задания

Переведите предложения:

1. I hope I shall be able to speak English next year. 2. The weather may change. 3. The students were not allowed to go in before the bell. 4. You mustn’t eat too much ice-cream. 5. Tomorrow is Sunday, so we don’t have to get up early. 6. You should follow the doctor’s instructions. 7. The delegation is to arrive in April. 8. She needn’t come to the office today. 9. The meeting was to last 3 hours. 10. She ought to know how to behave. 11. I can see very well because my eyes are very good. 12. You can go now because the road is free. 13. The girl could run and jump at an early age. 14. You don’t need to come to the meeting. 15. He needs to do many grammar exercises. 16. When I first met her, I couldn’t believe my eyes. 17. A real present is something you can keep. 18. We can buy the equipment you need. 19. He thought that he ought to say something optimistic. 20. How could people live like that sixty years ago? 16. You shouldn’t have begun if you didn’t have enough time. 17. Children shouldn’t be given matches to play with. 18. The doctor said you ought to stay in bed. 19. The hospital bills were $200 a day; we couldn’t afford that. 20. Since his accident he can’t play football. 21. She must have bought a house.22. She may have bought a house. 23. She might have bought a house. 24. She can’t have bought a house. 25. She should have bought a house 26. She shouldn’t have bought a house. 27. She needn’t have bought a house. 28. She didn’t have to buy a house. 29. She had to buy a house. 30. She was to buy a house.