What is Cough?

Cough is one of the commonest symptoms in childhood as well as at any age. It is important to understand that coughing is quite normal act, as it is one of the body’s ways of protecting the bronchial tubes and lungs. Any irritation of the bronchial tree or the trachea excites a reflex which makes one cough. There are too main causes of this irritation. Firstly, it may be due to mucus which comes down the back of the nose. The cough reflex is to prevent the entering of mucus into the bronchial tubes. Secondary, infection may cause inflammation of the trachea and this produces the cough reflex.

Many children who have a persistent cough have no disease in their chest. When the doctor examines such a child with his stethoscope there is no abnormality to be heard. However, in some children coughing is due to impairment in the chest itself. The cough is an expression of the normal defenses of the chest, but in this case the bronchial tubes are inflamed.

V. Переведите текст “Anemia” со словарем:

Anemia

Anemia is a blood disease, sometimes called “thin blood”. There are a great many types of anemia, but the most common are iron-deficiency anemias and pernicious anemia. Some anemias result from the destruction of too many red blood cells (hemolytic anemias) or the loss of too many red blood cells through direct or hidden bleeding (hemorrhagic anemias). However, the more common forms of anemia are caused by failure of the blood-forming system, located in the bone marrow, to manufacture enough or the right kind of red blood cells. This failure may be the result of a lack of adequate amounts of iron or other essentials in the diet.

What are the symptoms of anemia? Pallor – pale skin and mucous membranes – loss of appetite, low energy, easy fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitation of the heart, and general weakness are usually observed. In pernicious anemia, in which the nerves in the spinal cord may be affected, the gradual onset of the disease may also be marked by numbness, tingling, and needles-and-pins sensations in the arms and legs. The tongue may be sore and smooth.

Iron-deficiency anemias occur because the relatively small amount of iron needed for manufacture of hemoglobin is missing. This is the essential element in the red blood cells and is responsible for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to other body cells.

Some people become anemic because their systems cannot absorb or assimilate the iron they take in. Mostly, however, the failure lies in the diet. There are many borderline anemias, because the average diet, especially in young women, is too low in iron. Preventing and treating this type of anemia depend on getting more iron into the body. In severe anemias, doctors may prescribe iron compounds (for example, ferrous sulfate). However, foods rich in iron should be eaten regularly. Among these are liver, lean meat, molasses, egg yolk, green vegetables, and nuts.

Pernicious anemia is a nutritional-deficiency disease, but the missing element is not iron. In this condition the stomach, from which the normal amount of hydrochloric acid is usually missing, fails to secrete a certain “intrinsic factor” – a chemical substance needed to produce mature red blood cells. This missing substance can be supplied by liver. The treatment of pernicious anemia, therefore, has depended on injections of liver extracts. Folic acid and vitamin B₁₂, normally found in liver, have also relieved the symptoms of pernicious anemia.

Answer the following questions:

1) Name the types of anemias.

2) What do they result from?

3) What are the more common forms of anemia caused by?

4) What are the symptoms of anemia?

5) What is the treatment of anemias?

VI. Итоговая контрольная работа № 1 по темам: Work of an In-patient Department. Case History. Examination of the patient.

Образец итоговой контрольной работы

Вариант

1. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.

1. the cause of the unfavourable reaction

2. to be admitted to the in-patient department

3. to relieve stomachache

4. her rapid recovery is due to good care

5. to prevent the spread of the infection

6. to apply a new method of treatment

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык.

1. стационарное отделение

2. поставить первоначальный диагноз

3. применить на практике

4. прописать лекарство от простуды

5. операция не была показана

6. делать ежедневный обход

3. Замените выделенные слова и словосочетания синонимами.

1. The doctor advised and ordered me vitamin injections.

2. What can stop the spread of inflammation?

3. Complete rest made less the pain in his heart.

4. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What data does the nurse on duty write down in patients’ case histories?

2. What findings compose the family history?

3. What does the term “pathogenesis” mean?

Ответы на вопросы (итоговая контрольная работа № 1)

1. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.

1. причина неблагоприятной реакции

2. поступить в стационар

3. снять боль в желудке

4. ее быстрое выздоровление обусловлено хорошим уходом

5. предупредить распространение инфекции

6. применить новый метод лечения

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык.

1. in-patient department

2. to make an initial diagnosis

3. to apply in practice

4. to prescribe the medicine for a cold

5. the operation was not indicate

6. to make one’s daily round of visits

3. Замените выделенные слова и словосочетания синонимами.

1. prescribed

2. prevent

3. relieved

4. Ответы на вопросы.

1. The nurse on duty fills in patients’ case histories in which she writes down their names, age, place of work, occupation, address and the initial diagnosis made by a doctor at the polyclinic.

2. It must include the information about the patient’s parents – if they are living or not. If the died, the doctor must know at what age and of what causes they died. The doctor must know if any of the family has ever been ill with tuberculosis or has had any mental or emotional impairment. This information composes the family history.

3. The term “pathogenesis” means the way and mechanism of disease development, as well as the symptoms by which it can be revealed.