Atherosclerosis and its Treatment

Atherosclerosis is one of the diseases of the cardiovascular system which is due to many causes. There are a number of factors which may determine its development.

Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels results from metabolic disturbance and particularly from disturbances of cholesterol exchange. These disturbances begin long before there is any external evidence of the disease. Therefore the doctor must prevent its appearance beginning preventive measures and treatment as early as possible.

Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis consist mainly of a certain regimen for the patient, which he must strictly follow. The patient must get up, eat, work, and go to bed at exactly the same time every day.

Sound sleep is very important since it enables the nerve cells to rest. The patient with the signs of atherosclerosis must sleep not less than 7 – 8 hours and walk before going to bed. Mental and physical overstrain must be excluded.

The incidence of atherosclerosis is high in professional groups with insufficient physical activities. So, physical exercises must be part of the prescribed regimen for such persons.

Smoking affects unfavourably the walls of the blood vessels and can result in their spasm, that is why, patients suffering from atherosclerosis must not smoke.

The diet of the patient with atherosclerosis must contain sufficient amount of proteins, but fats and carbohydrates must be taken in very limited doses.

Vitamins are widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis because some of them improve the metabolic processes and others dilate the vessels, particularly the peripheral ones.

Other drugs administered in treating atherosclerosis are the so-called lipotropic substances, which prevent fat from accumulating in the body.

Since the nervous system affects the metabolic processes in the human body the patients with atherosclerosis are prescribed such drugs as bromide and valerian to improve their general condition.

Class Assignments. Revision.

1. Translate the following word combinations:

congenital heart defects, to result in heart failure, to make an incision on the cardiac wall, to radiate to the back and arm, to undergo the course of X-ray treatment, to prevent the rupture of the blood vessel, to administer an adequate dose of medicine, to complain of a general malaise and fatigue

2. a) Give the words of the opposite meaning:

to diminish, suddenly, to be constant, to become worse, changeable, to fall (to drop), to include, malignant, seldom, sufficiency, a gain in weight

b) Give the words of the close meaning:

a symptom, in addition to, to be troubled by, to give attention to, to pass through, an injury, an impairment, to spread, a return of a disease, to feed, an attack

3. Choose the appropriate word from those given in brackets:

1) As the condition of the patient had been gradually improving his temperature … (reduced, rose) considerably.

2) Severe attacks of angina pectoris are accompanied by … (sharp, moderate) pain radiating down the arm.

3) If the patient is suffering from rheumatic endocarditis his pulse becomes … (accelerated, slow) on physical exertion.

4) Partial arrest of blood circulation often result in … (the recovery, the damage) to brain cells.

4. Read the pairs of sentences and answer the questions supplying your explanations:

1) The young cardiologist has been investigating the character of heart defect since the beginning of the year. Doctor Sviridov is investigating the character of heart defects.

Кто из них начал заниматься исследованием раньше?

2) My mother has been followed up at the polyclinic since the time she was discharged from the clinic. My father is followed up at the polyclinic to prevent the recurrence of the disease.

За кем из них наблюдение по поводу отдаленных результатов начато раньше?

5. Find Complex Object. Define the forms of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences:

1) The physician considered the incidence of heart attacks to be associated with the nervous overstrain.

2) The doctor wants me to have undergone the course of treatment by the end of the week.

3) We noticed the most characteristic symptoms of rheumatic endocarditis have been eliminated since the administration of those preparations.

6. Translate the following sentences:

1) Сейчас этот больной страдает от острой боли в области сердца.

2) Этот больной страдает от острой боли в области сердца уже целый день.

3) Сердечные шумы постепенно уменьшались в процессе лечения.

4) В течение последних двух недель сердечные шумы постепенно уменьшались.

. Лабораторная работа № 7*

1. Переведите названия следующих симптомов и, в соответствии с клинической картиной, назовите заболевание.

А. 1) общая слабость; 2) быстрая утомляемость при напряжении; 3) неприятные ощущения в области сердца; 4) сердцебиение; 5) с субфебрильная температура; 6) пульс неустойчив и учащается при физическом напряжении; 7) умеренный лейкоцитоз; 8) ускоренная РОЭ; 9) изменения показаний электрокардиограммы; 10) при перкуссии установлено, что сердце слегка увеличено; 11) мягкий систолический шум на верхушке сердца; 12) диастолический шум на верхушке и у основания сердца

The symptoms of what disease are they?

Б. 1) боль в области груди и за грудиной; 2) боль отдает в левое плечо, руку до локтя и пальцы; 3) боль усиливается при движении; 4) лицо бледное и покрыто холодным потом; 5) на лице выражение страха (fear) и страдания; 6) боль часто начинается внезапно ночью во время сна; 7) электрокардиограмма показывает нарушения функций сердца; 8) повышенная чувствительность кожи от 7-го шейного позвонка до 5-го верхнего грудного позвонка

The clinical picture of what disease do all these symptoms compose?

В. 1) общее состояние постепенно ухудшается; 2) сильный озноб; 3) боль в пораженном боку; 4) температура повышается до 39°–40°С; 5) потеря аппетита; 6) обильный пот по ночам; 7) сухой кашель; 8) значительный нейтрофильный лейкоцитоз; 9) повышенная РОЭ; 10) наличие гноя в полости

The clinical picture of what disease do the given symptoms compose?

2. Назовите основные формы глаголов:

to feed, to spread, to undergo, to rise, to lose

3. Подберите пары слов с противоположным значением.

1) benign; 2) gradually; 3) to exclude; 4) frequently; 5) to diminish; 6) to deviate; 7) to rise; 8) insufficiency; 9) permanent; 10) to improve; 11) loss of weight

to be constant; to fall; sufficiency; changeable; to become worse; gain in weight; malignant; suddenly; include; seldom; increase

4. Дайте слова, близкие по значению.

1) attack; 2) severe; 3) to feed; 4) to pass through; 5) a return of a disease; 6) to give attention to; 7) to spread; 8) to be troubled by; 9) impairment; 10) in addition to; 11) injury; 12) symptom

5. Закончите предложения по образцу.

Model: A mild auscultatory sound in the heart is …

A mild auscultatory sound in the heart is a murmur.

1) A point or a period in development is … .

2) A feeling of uneasiness is … .

3) The state of being tired is or tiredness is … .

4) The thick white or yellow discharge from wounds or abscess is … .

5) A rapid beating of the heart is … .

6) The record (запись) of an instrument, for example, of a thermometer is … .

7) The period of time during which something lasts is … .

8) The spontaneous and independent contraction of individual muscle fibers is … .

6. Закончите предложения, употребив одно из следующих слов.

To suffer from; to enlarge; to accelerate; to improve; to reduce; to deviate; to affect; to precede

1. To become more rapid means … .

2. To become better means … .

3. To make smaller means … .

4. To make larger means … .

5. To feel mental pain or bodily pain means … .

6. To cause a change means … .

7. To come or to go before (in time or place or order) means … .

8. To turn aside or away means ... .

7. В соответствии с образцом заполните пропуски глаголом “to insist” в Past Simple и употребите после него герундий от глаголов, данных в скобках.

Model:

The doctor … (to investigate) the stomach juice of the female patient the same day.

The doctor insisted on investigating the stomach juice of the female patient the same day.

1) The surgeon … (to operate) on the patient immediately.

2) The physician … (to discharge) the patient from the hospital.

3) The cardiologist … (to take) an electrocardiogram as soon as possible.

4) The neurologist … (to hospitalize) my sister in two days.

5) The surgeon … (to make) an incision of the abscess on the finger at once.

8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1) What most characteristic clinical manifestations is lobular pneumonia accompanied by?

2) What treatment is administered to the patient with lobular pneumonia?

3) What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

4) What do you know about primary tuberculosis?

5) What course is lung abscess characterized by?

6) What complaints does the patient have in case of rheumatic endocarditis?

7) What treatment can you administer a patient with rheumatic endocarditis?

8) What methods of performing operations are employed in cardiosurgery?

9) What do the words “cardio”, “vascular” and “renal” mean?

10) What is commonly called “a heart attack”?

11) What kinds of heart disease do you know?

12) What diseases are usually associated with high blood pressure and hardening of the arteries?

13) When do congenital heart defects develop?

14) What are other forms of organic heart disease associated with?

15) What conditions do functional disorders of the heart include?

16) What is a heart attack?

17) What is angina pectoris?

18) What is heart failure?

19) What are the symptoms of heart disease?

20) How can you guard your heart?

21) What examinations help the doctor to make a diagnosis of heart disease?

IV. Прочтите текст “High-Pressure Heart Surgery” и ответьте на вопрос: What are the advantages of performing an operation in a hermetically sealed high-pressure chamber?

1. to watch a delicate heart operation – наблюдать за тонкой операцией на сердце;

2. a hermetically sealed high-pressure chamber – герметически закрытая барокамера

3. He had been hardly able to move – он едва мог двигаться

4. there was a serious risk of blood clotting – была серьезная опасность свертывания крови

5. dangerous after-effects – опасные последствия