Eye Trouble

A cinder in the eye can be so troublesomely annoying that it blots out all other thoughts and feelings – including symptoms of far more serious disorders. It is a mistake to consider eye diseases and disorders as limited to this organ. Eyestrain, for example, can induce fatigue in the rest of the body and thus, presumably, lower resistance to all manner of disease. Conversely, the condition of the eyes often reflects disease elsewhere in the body – for example, high blood pressure, brain tumour, and infection. Any eye trouble, therefore, should be a signal to seek proper medical attention. The doctor will, if necessary, refer the patient to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist or oculist) or other medical specialist, as indicated.

What are the signs of eye trouble? There are many: pain, itching, or burning sensations in the eyes; bloodshot eyes; fear of light; excessive flow of tears; drooping eyelids; red-rimmed eyelids; headache; and all changes in ability to see. Among the vision changers that should prompt immediate medical attention are seeing double, seeing blurred outlines, seeing halos or rainbows around lights, and seeing poorly in the dark.

Other signs of faulty or failing vision include inability to see things at a distance (nearsightedness); blurred images; difficulty in focusing on nearby objects, such as a printed page (farsightedness); distorted images (astigmatism); dimness of vision; and inability to distinguish colours (colour blindness). Spots before the eyes are usually of no significance.

Many people have eye trouble without knowing it. They have accepted their visual defects for many years as normal sight and have not bothered to have them corrected. These defects are often discovered during a routine eye examination as part of an insurance medical examination or test for a diver’s license.

What can happen to the eyes? Many things – most but not all of which can be treated, corrected, and cured. Some eye defects are present at birth, for example, the shape and proportions of the whole eyeball and its crystalline lens may be such that nearsightedness or farsightedness must result.

Most cases of poor eyesight are the result of defects in focus; that is, the lens of the eye fails to focus the incoming light rays sharply and exactly on the retina. This results in nearsightedness, farsightedness, “old-sightedness” and astigmatism.

Other physical abnormalities include bulging eyes (exophthalmoses), glaucoma, cataract, squint (strabismus), colour blindness, night blindness, rapid eye movements (nystagmus), growth on the cornea (pterygium), blocking of the tear ducts, and disorders of the eyelids and eyelashes.

Among the other serious noninfectious diseases of the eye are atrophy of the optic nerve, detachment of the retina, and bleeding into the retina.

Infection and inflammation of the cornea is called keratitis; of the iris, iritis; of the conjunctiva, conjunctivitis (which may be as mild as pink eye or as serious as trachoma); of the retina, retinitis; of the optic nerve, optic neuritis; of the eyelids, blepharitis.

Тема раздела: Therapeutic Diseases. The Diseases of the Respiratory Tract.

The Diseases of the Cardiovascular System.

Время изучения тем раздела: 21ч

Занятие 3.

Тема: 1. Therapeutic Diseases. The Diseases of the Respiratory Tract.

2. Итоговая контрольная работа по темам: Work of an In-patient Department. Case History. Examination of the patient.

Грамматика: The Gerund.

Время изучения темы: 3 часа

Цель: 1. Научиться переводить тексты по специальности; вести беседу на базе изученных текстов; осуществлять профессионально-ориентированное общение, пользуясь изученным лексико-грамматическим материалом. 2. Проверить степень освоения активной лексики и основных лексико-грамматических конструкций, необходимых и достаточных для построения монологических и диалогических высказываний по пройденным темам.

Задачи:

1) выучить и тренировать активную лексику

2) тренировать грамматические модели

3) тренировка навыков аналитического и информативного чтения, перевода, устного высказывания

4) проверить знание активной лексики занятий

5) проверка навыков устного высказывания по пройденным темам

I. Аналитическое чтение.

1. Read and translate the medical terms:

aetiology

pathogenesis

mechanism

visual

palpation

percussion

auscultation

cystoscopy

edema

haemorrhage

objective

subjective

2. 1) Read the text “Examination of the Patient”. 2) Define ing-forms and translate the sentences with them. 3) Be ready to retell the text.

Examination of the Patient.

Before treating it is necessary to make a correct diagnosis of the disease and to determine its aetiology, i.e. the causes of the disease. The doctor must know well the pathogenesis of any disease, i.e. the way and mechanism of its development, as well as the symptoms by which it can be revealed.

A number of different procedures is used to establish a diagnosis: history-taking, physical examination, which includes visual examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation, laboratory studies, consisting of urinalysis, blood, sputum and other analyses; instrumental studies, for example, taking electrocardiograms or cystoscopy, X-ray examination and others.

For determining a disease it is very important to know its symptoms such as breathlessness, edema, cough, vomiting, fever, haemorrhage, headache and others. Some of these symptoms are objective, for example, haemorrhage or vomiting, because they are determined by objective study, while others, such as headache or dizziness are subjective, since they are evident only to the patient.

Sign is an indication that disease or disorder of some sort is present. A sign is always an objective signal. It can be seen or elicited by the examining physicians; for example, a skin rash is a sign of disease. Doctors use signs to make or confirm diagnosis of disease. Signs differ from symptoms, which are what the patient feels – for example, nausea and headache. These cannot be seen or felt.

Symptom is any bit of evidence from a patient that he is sick; it may be a complaint to the doctor or an unvoiced personal feeling. To the patient, the symptoms are the essence of the disease. He feels sick. To make a diagnosis, however, the doctor must piece the symptoms reported to him together with the signs of disease he sees. A symptom is subjective; the patient feels his headache. A sign is objective; the doctor can see a skin rash or a pathological derangement in a blood or urine sample.

Syndrome is a collection, constellation, or concurrence of signs and symptoms of disease. For example, nausea and vomiting is a syndrome; they usually go together. The word syndrome is sometimes synonymous with disease; for example, Parkinson’s syndrome and Parkinson’s disease mean the same things. The word syndrome is often used to point to a set of symptoms which almost but don’t quite make up a full-fledged and recognizable disease entity.

II. Повторение грамматического материала.

1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова, найдя в них суффиксы и префиксы:

restless, overdosage, intramuscular, sleeplessness, overweight, intravenous, painless, intratracheal, overestimate, useless

2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1) В каких предложениях будущее время заменяется настоящим?

2) Назовите формулу группы времен

3) Назовите сложные формы причастия и герундия.

4) По каким признакам вы определите герундий в предложении?

3. Переведите пары предложений и определите, чем отличаются их сказуемые:

1) I am examining. I am being examined.

2) The nurse was giving intravenous injections when we came in. Intravenous injections were being given to the nurse as she herself was ill at that time.

3) Now neurologist Smirnov id administering a new treatment. Now neurologist Smirnov is being administered a new treatment.

4. Определите “ing-forms” в следующих предложениях:

1) Filling in a case history a therapeutist must pay attention to exact findings of the analyses.

2) Having prevented the spread of inflammation the surgeon could save the life of the patient.

3) The attending doctor’s filling in the case history with exact findings enabled the students to follow the whole course of treatment of the patient.

4) On having prevented serious complications the surgeon considered that the patient would recover soon.

5) Being at the Congress the scientists exchanged their opinions on many definite problems.

6) His being in Moscow was connected with the publishing of his new book.

5. В следующих предложениях найдите герундий. Предложения переведите:

1) Besides being important for industry oxygen is also important for medicine.

2) In addition to depending upon the environment the development of the child depends on the condition of its health.

3) Mother insisted on my being examined by a physician.

4) On being relieved of an acute pain in the heart area the patient was allowed to sit up.

5) A researcher cannot draw a proper conclusion without having carried out numerous experiments.

6. Прочтите текст. Ответьте на вопросы.

1) tendency – склонность

2) hypertrophy – гипертрофия (увеличение, разрастание)

3) congestion – застой, застойные явления

4) nasopharynx – носоглотка

5) resistance – сопротивляемость

6) particle – частичка