Methods Used in Cardiosurgery

In performing the operations on the contracting heart there is a danger of the impairment of cardiac function and partial arrest of blood circulation, resulting in the damage to some organs, brain cells in particular.

Such danger is eliminated when artificial blood circulation apparatus called “heart-lungs” is used during the operation. By using the artificial blood circulation apparatus the heart is excluded from the blood circulation and the surgeon is able to work on the “dry” heart for a longer period of time achieving better results.

Hypothermia is another method used in heart operations. When the patient is under hypothermia the surgeon can eliminate congenital or developed heart defects without the loss of the patient’s blood during the operation.

The method of occlusion consists of bandaging all the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart just before making an incision on the cardiac wall. When the method of occlusion is applied the surgeon evacuates from the heart that amount of blood which is inside its cavities (in the adult it is about 100-150 ml) and performs the necessary operation to eliminate the cardiac defect.

6. Choose the answer corresponding to the texts “Cardiosurgery” and “Methods Used in Cardiosurgery”:

1) How is the danger of the partial arrest of blood supply eliminated during heart operations?

(a) It is eliminated by using hypothermia. (b) It is eliminated by using artificial blood circulation apparatus.

2) What vessels are bandaged when the method of occlusion is employed in heart operations?

(a) The portal veins are bandaged. (b) All the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart are bandaged.

Занятие 8

Тема: The Diseases of the Cardiovascular System. Atherosclerosis.

Грамматика: Revision (Perfect Continuous; Complex Object)

Время изучения темы: 3 часа

Цель: Научиться переводить тексты по специальности; вести беседу на базе изученных текстов; осуществлять профессионально-ориентированное общение, пользуясь изученным лексико-грамматическим материалом

Задачи:

1) выучить и тренировать активную лексику

2) тренировать грамматические модели

3) тренировка навыков аналитического и информативного чтения, перевода, устного высказывания

4) научиться применять полученные знания на практике

I. Самостоятельная работа студента на практическом занятии.

Повторение грамматического материала: 1) Времена группы Perfect Continuous. 2) Сложное дополнение. 2. Повторение лексического материала: занятия 1– 6.

1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1) Назовите формулу группы времен Perfect Continuous.

2) Как переводятся времена группы Perfect Continuous?

3) Из каких частей состоит сложное дополнение, и на каком месте в предложении оно стоит?

4) Как переводится на русский язык сложное дополнение?

2. Найдите сказуемые, определите их время и напишите формулы, по которым они образованы. Переведите предложения:

1) The life of the little girl was saved thanks to a successful operation for a congenital heart defect.

2) On his first admission to the hospital the patient complained of palpitation and discomfort in the chest.

3) The patient had had numerous foci of inflammation in the left lung before he underwent the streptomycin treatment.

4) The girl has had heart murmurs since the age of seven and no therapeutic measures were effective in their elimination.

5) On palpation the physician determined that the liver was considerably enlarged.

3.* Закончите следующие предложения, выбрав нужный вариант:

1) The doctor wanted … (a) the heart failure to develop frequently; (b) the patient to be followed-up at the out-patient department.

2) The nurse made … (a) the patient take bromide to control his sleeplessness; (b) the heart be excluded from the blood circulation.

3) The surgeon ordered … (a) the patient’s wound to be bandaged immediately; (b) the intensity of the inflammatory process to be reducing gradually.

4. Распределите слова по графам:

существительные

прилагательные

глаголы

Наречия

rupture, dangerous, incision, fibrillation, congenital, recurrence, eliminate, strictly, bandage, failure, extensive, frequently, evidence, sensitive, radiate, disturbance, damage, accelerate, feverish, deviate, insufficiency, slightly, duration

5. Определите функцию слова “that” и его значение:

1) The doctor expected that the disturbance in blood circulation would be eliminated by the administration of atropine.

2) The patient that is undergoing the course of treatment for rheumatic endocarditis will be followed up for several months.

3) That the inflammatory process would involve new areas in the lungs was clear at the onset of lobular pneumonia.

4) That child’s life was saved after cardio surgeon had made the operation eliminating the congenital heart defect.

5) Subfebrile temperature accompanied by cold perspiration may be the clinical manifestation of tuberculosis and that of chronic rheumatic endocarditis.

6. Выберите правильный ответ на следующие вопросы:

1) Why are patients with rheumatic endocarditis administered antibiotic treatment? (a) They are administered this treatment to eliminate the primary focus of infection. (b) They are administered this treatment to control cardiovascular insufficiency.

2) Why do patients with rheumatic endocarditis undergo aspirin and bicillin treatment in spring and autumn?

(a) They undergo such treatment to improve the cardiac function. (b) They undergo such treatment to prevent the recurrence of the disease.

II. 1) Прочтите текст “Atherosclerosis and its Treatment”. 2) Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

внешние признаки, профилактические меры, умственное перенапряжение, крепкий сон, неблагоприятно, препятствовать накоплению жира в организме, неблагоприятно влиять на процессы метаболизма. 3) Расскажите о режиме и лечении больного с атеросклерозом.