Icao, iavw

Exercise 8.1.4 Write T if the sentence is true and F if the sentence is false.

1. The Earth is a planet.

2. A planet is a large water body that revolves around and is illuminated by a star, in our case, the Sun.

3. Planet Earth is the greatest one in the Universe.

4. The highest point on Earth’s surface is Mariana Trench.

5. The greatest known depth below sea level is the Mount Everest.

6. The fact that oceans and smaller bodies of water cover less 30 percent of the Earth makes its surface even smoother.

7. The largest bodies of water are Earth’s 4 oceans – the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Artic.

8. Latitudes are imaginary lines drawn on globes to show distances west and east of the equator.

9. Lines of longitude or meridians run west -south.

10. They connect the North Pole to the South Pole and meet at the poles. 11. The Prime Meridian or 0^◦longitude runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through the Royal Observatory of Greenwich, France.

11. Continents and islands make up 29 percent of the surface area of the Moon.

12. Continents are the largest landmasses on Earth’s surface.

13. Seven continents are generally recognized: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.

14. Together, tectonic forces on the surface of the Earth and gradational forces inside it have produced 4 major types of landforms: mountains, hills, plateaus, plains.

15. Relief, in this case, doesn’t refer to variations in the elevation, shape and forms of Earth’s surface.

17. The liquid molten rock is called magna after it reaches the surface and lava when underground.

17. Sometimes lava piles up on the surface and forms a river.

18. Magna boils up through cracks in Earth’s crust and creates lava flows that spread out across large areas creating landforms.

19. Volcanic ash is made up of fragments much bigger than 1/5 inch (0,5 centimeter) in diameter.

20. Volcanic ash never combines with water in a stream and forms a boiling mudflow.

21. People have always been both fascinated by the spectacle of volcanic eruptions and terrified of their power.

22. During the past few years a number of incidents have occurred due to aircraft encounters with volcanic ash clouds following volcanic eruptions.

23. The corner stones of the IAVW are twenty nine volcanic ash advisory centres which issue advisory which issue advisory information on volcanic ash globally, both to aviation users and meteorological officers concerned.

24. Special air-reports of volcanic activity are based on the model form for air-miss reports.

Exercise 8.1.5 Give the English equivalents for the following.

Планета; вращаться вокруг; светящаяся звезда, в окружности по экватору; воображаемая линия; Северный и Южный полюса; наивысшая точка на земной поверхности ;гора Эверест ; в Азии на высоте 29,028 фт.; наибольшая известная глубина ниже уровня моря; в Тихом океане; тот факт, что; океаны и более маленькие водные бассейны; покрывают более, чем на 70% поверхность Земли; наибольшие водные бассейны на Земле; это четыре океана – Тихий , Атлантический, Индийский и Арктический; широта это воображаемая линия; нарисованная на глобусе; показывающая расстояние севернее или южнее экватора; Север Арктического круга и юг Антарктического круга; высокие широты; полярные районы; меридианы бегут с севера на юг; соединяют полюса; встречаются на полюсах; Главный Меридиан; Королевская обсерватория в Гринвиче в Англии; континенты, острова и океаны; земля, континент, суша; семь континентов: Азия, Африка, Северная Америка, Южная Америка, Антарктика, Европа и Австралия; тектонические силы внутри Земли; гравитационные силы на ее поверхности; создали четыре основных типа ландшафта: горы, холмы, плато равнины; рельеф; в этом случае; изменения по высоте; очертания; отверстие в земной поверхности; извергаются лава, горячие газы, куски породы;. жидкая расплавленная горная порода; после того как она достигает поверхности Земли; когда она находится внутри; потоки лавы; растекаться по большим площадям, создавая ландшафты; вулканический пепел; поток из кипящей грязи может быть чрезвычайно разрушительным; всегда как зачарованы зрелищем извержения вулкана, так и напуганы его силой; случилось ряд аварий; самолеты встретились с облаками вулканической пыли после извержения вулканов; чтобы обеспечить наблюдение за облаками вулканической пыли; издать предупреждения пилотам; установил на международных трассах наблюдение за вулканами; краеугольный камень; консультативный центр наблюдения за вулканами; выдают консультации; консультативная информация по вулканической пыли; в глобальном масштабе; как для авиационных пользователей, так и для метеорологов ;специальные воздушные доклады; содержащие наблюдения; должны быть предоставлены летным экипажам; могут влиять облака вулканической пыли.

Exercise 8.1.6 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and word combinations.

High latitude; meridians; 0^◦ longitude; landmass; erupt; form watch.

Exercise 8.1.7 State what part of speech of following words belong to.

1. through

a) adverb b) noun c) preposition d) adjective

2. form

a) preposition b) verb c) article d) adjective

3. deep

a) noun b) verb c) adjective d) article

4. revolve

a) pronoun b) article c) verb d) adverb

5. molten

a) verb b) noun c) adverb d) adjective

6. depth

a) adjective b) noun c) verb d) article

7. landmass

a) noun b) adverb c) verb d) preposition

8. recognize

a) noun b) preposition c) pronoun d) verb

9. equator

a) preposition b) noun c) pronoun d) verb

10. circumference

a)adverb b) verb c) noun d) article

Exercise 8.1.8 Match the words and word combinations in column A with those in column B.

a)

A	B
1. volcanic ash is made up of fragments less	a. наибольшая известная глубина ниже уровня моря
2. a large body that revolves around	b. вулкан, это отверстие в земной поверхности
3. people have always been both fascinated by the spectacle of volcanic eruptions and terrified of their power	c. это большое тело, которое вращается вокруг
4. volcanic ash combines with water in a stream and forms a boiling mudflow	d. жидкая расплавленная горная порода называется лавой, после того как она достигает поверхности Земли
5. the liquid molten rock is called lava after it reaches the surface	e. кипящая магма выливается через трещины в земной коре
6. hot gases and rock fragments erupt	f. люди всегда как зачарованы наблюдением за извержением вулкана, так и напуганы его силой
7. magna boils up through cracks in Earth’s crust	g. вулканический пепел вместе с водой образует поток из кипящей грязи
8. continents are the larges landmasses	h. вулканический пепел - это фрагменты менее
9. volcano – is an opening in the Earth’s surface	i. извергаются лава, горячие газы, куски породы
10. the greatest known depth below sea level	j. континенты это наибольшая суша

b)

A	B
1. mudflow may reach speeds of	a. кипящая грязь может достичь скорости
2. can be highly destructive	b. случилось ряд аварий по маршрутам
3. a number of incidents have occurred	c. может быть чрезвычайно разрушительной
4. due to aircraft encounters with volcanic ash clouds	d. на которые могут влиять облака вулканической пыли
5. in order to provide for the observation	e. издать предупреждения пилотам
6. reporting of volcanic ash clouds	f. установил на международных трассах наблюдение за вулканами
7. the issuance of warning to pilots	g. с помощью международных организаций
8. with assistance of other international organizations	h. для того, чтобы обеспечить наблюдение
9. has established an international airways volcano watch	i. из за того, что самолеты встретились с облаками вулканической пыли
10. which could be affected by volcanic ash clouds	j. доклад об облаках вулканической пыли

Exercise 8.1.9 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. A planet is a large body that ____________ (rotates, turns, revolves) around and is illuminated by a star, in our case, the Sun.

2. The greatest known ________ (profundity, depth, abyss) below sea level is the 35,827 – foot deep Mariana Trench east of the Philippine Islands in the Pacific Ocean.

3. The fact that oceans and smaller bodies of water ________ (put over , cover, overlay) more than 70 percent of the Earth makes its surface even smoother.

4. Latitudes are __________ (fictitious, imaginary, unreal) lines drawn on globes to show distances north and south of the equator.

5. Lines of longitude or meridians _________ (race, run, sprint) north-south.

6. They connect the North Pole to the South Pole and ____________ (contact, encounter, meet) at the poles.

7. Viewed from space, the surface of Earth ____________ (consist (of), is made (of), include) of continents, islands and oceans.

8. Continents are the larges on Earth’s surface. (landmasses, land , dryland)

9. Seven continents are generally ___________ (realized, recognized, known): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.

10. Relief, in this case, refers to _________ (variety, sort, variations) in the elevation, shape and forms of Earth’s surface.

11. Volcano – is an _________ (opening break, gap) in the Earth’s surface through which lava, hot gases and rock fragments erupt.

12. The liquid molten rock is called lava after it reaches the surface and magna when ___________ (covert, underground, subterranean).

13. Sometimes lava __________ (piles, stacks, amasses) up on the surface and forms a volcano.

14. Magna boils up through cracks in Earth’s crust and _________ (creates, originates , produces) lava flows that spread out across large areas creating landforms.

15. Volcanic ash is made up of __________ (scraps, pieces, fragments) less than 1/5 inch (0,5 centimeter) in diameter.

16. Sometimes, volcanic ash with water _________ (combines, unites, coalesces) in a stream and forms a boiling mudflow.

17. Mudflow may _________ (attain, reach, achieve ) speeds of 60 miles (97 km) per hour and can be highly destructive.

18. People have always been both __________ (fascinated, charmed, captivated) by the spectacle of volcanic eruptions and terrified of their power.

19. During the past few years a number of __________ (events, occasions, incidents) have occurred due to aircraft encounters with volcanic ash clouds following volcanic eruptions.

20. In order to provide for the observation and reporting of volcanic ash clouds and the issuance of ____________ (warning caution, care) to pilots and airlines, ICAO, with assistance of other international organizations, has established an international airways volcano watch (IAVW).

Exercise 8.1.10 Fill in the gaps with the related words.

1. Because weather conditions affect aircraft in flight, to a _______________ (consider) extent, ___________ (specially) aviation forecasts are provided by meteorologists at weather offices all over the world.

2. The _______________ ( meteorology), or

1. A planet is a large body that _______________ (revolveR) around and is _____________. (illumination) by a star, in our case, the Sun.

2. Earth is 7,926 miles in diameter when cut in half through the middle and 24,902 miles in circumference at the equator, an _______________ ( imagination) line that marks the midway point between the North and the South poles

3. The greatest _______________ (knowledge) _______________ (DEEP) below sea level is the 35,827 – foot deep Mariana Trench east of the Philippine Islands in the Pacific Ocean.

4. The fact that oceans and smaller bodies of water _______________ (coverage) more than 70 percent of the Earth makes its surface even smoother.

5. _______________ (latitudinal) are imaginary lines drawn on globes to show distances north and south of the _______________ (equatorIAL)

6. North of the Artic Circle and South of the Antarctic Circle are the high latitude or polar _______________ (regional)

7. The Prime Meridian or 0^◦ longitude, runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through the Royal _______________ (observational)of Greenwich, England.

8. Viewed from _______________ (spacious), the surface of Earth is made up of _______________ (continental), islands and _______________ (oceanic).

9. Seven continents are generally …(recognition): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.

10. _______________ (relieve), in this case, _______________ (reference) to ______________ (vary) in the _______________ (elevate), shape and forms of Earth’s surface.

11_______________ (Volcanic) – is an opening in the Earth’s surface through which lava, hot gases and rock fragments _______________ (eruption).

12. The liquid _______________ (melt) rock is called lava after it reaches the surface and magna when underground.

13. Magna boils up through cracks in Earth’s crust and _______________ (creator) lava flows that spread out across large areas creating landforms.

14. Sometimes, volcanic ash _______________ (combinatorial) with water in a stream and forms a boiling mudflow.

15. Mudflow may reach speeds of 60 miles (97 km) per hour and can be highly _______________ (destructor).

16. People have always been both _______________ (fascination) by the _______________ (spectacleS) of volcanic eruptions and _______________ (terrific) of their power.

17. During the past few years a number of incidents have _______________ (occurrence ) due to aircraft encounters with volcanic ash clouds following volcanic eruptions.

18. In order to _______________ (providence) for the _______________ (observe) and reporting of volcanic ash clouds and the __________ (issue) of warning to pilots and airlines, ICAO, with _______________ (assist) of other international organizations, has established an international airways volcano watch (IAVW).

19. The corner stones of the IAVW are nine volcanic ash (advice) centres which issue advisory information on volcanic ash _______________ (globalize), both to aviation users and meteorological officers concerned.

20. Special air-reports of volcanic _______________ (activate) shall be provided for flight crews _______________ (operator) on routes which could be affected by volcanic ash clouds.

Exercise 8.1.11 Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1. A planet is a large body that revolves around and is illuminated _______________ a star, _______________ our case, the Sun.

2. Planet Earth is 7,926 miles _______________ diameter when cut _______________ half _______________ the middle and 24,902 miles _______________ circumference _______________ the equator, an imaginary line that marks the midway point _______________ the North and the South poles.

3.The diameter _______________ the poles is only 27 miles less than the diameter _______________ the equator.

4. The highest point _______________ Earth’s surface is Mount Everest _______________ the Nepal-China border _______________ Asia _______________ 29,028 feet.

5. The greatest known depth …sea level is the 35,827 – foot deep Mariana Trench east _______________ the Philippine Islands _______________ the Pacific Ocean.

6. The fact that oceans and smaller bodies _______________ water cover more than 70 percent _______________ the Earth makes its surface even smoother.

7. Latitudes are imaginary lines drawn _______________ globes to show distances north and south _______________ the equator.

8. North _______________ the Artic Circle and South _______________ the Antarctic Circle are the high latitude or polar regions.

9. Lines _______________ longitude or meridians run north-south.

10. They connect the North Pole _______________ the South Pole and meet _______________ the poles. 11. The Prime Meridian or 0^◦ longitude, runs _______________ the North Pole _______________ the South Pole ______________ the Royal Observatory ______________ Greenwich, England.

12. Viewed _______________ space, the surface of Earth is made up _______________ continents, islands and oceans.

13. Continents and islands make up 29 percent _______________ the surface area _______________ Earth.

14. Continents are the larges landmasses _______________ Earth’s surface.

15. Relief, _______________ this case, refers _______________ variations _______________ the elevation, shape and forms _______________ Earth’s surface.

16. Volcano – is an opening _______________ the Earth’s surface _______________ which lava, hot gases and rock fragments erupt (burst forth).

17. The liquid molten rock is called lava _______________ it reaches the surface and magna when underground.

18. Sometimes lava piles up _______________ the surface and forms a volcano _______________ Mount Fuji _______________ Japan or Mount Vesuvius _______________ Italy.

19. Magna boils up _______________ cracks _______________ Earth’s crust and creates lava flows that spreads out _______________ large areas creating landforms.

20. Sometimes, volcanic ash combines _______________ water _______________ a stream and forms a boiling mudflow.

21. Mudflow may reach speeds _______________ 60 miles (97 km) _______________ hour and can be highly destructive.

22. People have always been both fascinated _______________ the spectacle ______________ volcanic eruptions and terrified ______________ their power.

23. _______________ the past few years a number _______________ incidents have occurred _______________ _______________ aircraft encounters _______________ volcanic ash clouds following volcanic eruptions.

24. _______________ provide _______________ the observation and reporting _______________ volcanic ash clouds and the issuance _______________ warning _______________ pilots and airlines, ICAO, _______________ assistance _______________ other international organizations, has established an international airways volcano watch (IAVW).

25. The corner stones _______________ the IAVW are nine volcanic ash advisory centres which issue advisory information _______________ volcanic ash globally, both to aviation users and meteorological officers concerned.

26. Special air-reports containing observations _______________ volcanic activity form. 27. Forms based _______________ the model form _______________ special air-reports _______________ volcanic activity _______________ Appendix 1 shall be provided _______________ flight crews operating _______________ routes which could be affected _______________ volcanic ash clouds.

Exercise 8.1.12 Make up sentences using the given words.

1. that / is/ body / a/ star/ revolves/ a/ large/ around/ a planet.

2. the / earth’s /mount/ is/ point /on / Everest/ surface /highest

3. depth/ greatest/ known/ level/ is /Mariana /trench /the/ sea/ below

4. 4 oceans/ of/ water/ largest/ earth’s /the/ bodies/ are/

5. globes/ lines/ imaginary/ latitudes/ drawn/ are /on/

6. longitude/ run/ lines/ or/ north-south/ meridians/ of.

7. and/ surface/ earth/ oceans/ made up/ continents,/ islands of/ of/ the/ is.

8. earth’s/ continents/ larges/ the /surface/ landmasses /are/ on.

9. surface/ opening/ volcano/ the/ earth’s/ in /an/ is.

10. after /rock/ liquid /molten /called/ lava/ the /surface /the /is /it /reaches

11. and/ lava/ sometimes/ surface/ forms volcano a/ on /piles up/ the.

12. destructive/ be/ mudflow/ highly can/

13. occurred/ with/ incidents/ have/ aircraft/ ash clouds /a number of /due to/ encounters/ volcanic.

14. volcano/ has/ international/ established/ airways /icao/ watch/ an.

15. shall/ volcanic/ flight crews/ provided/ special/ air-reports/ activity/ be/ for/ of/

Exercise 8.1.13 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Земля это планета.

2. Планета это большое тело, которое вращается вокруг светящейся звезды, в нашем случае Солнце.

3. Планета Земля в диаметре 7,926 миль.

4. Диаметр на полюсах только на 27 миль меньше, чем диаметр на экваторе.

5. Наивысшая точка на земной поверхности - гора Эверест в Азии на высоте 29,028 фт.

6. Наибольшая известная глубина ниже уровня моря это впадина (Mariana Trench) восточнее Филиппинских островов в Тихом океане.

7. Океаны и более маленькие водные бассейны покрывают более чем 70% поверхности Земли.

8. Наибольшие водные бассейны на Земле это четыре океана – Тихий, Атлантический, Индийский и Арктический.

9. Широта это воображаемая линия нарисованная на глобусе, показывающая расстояние севернее или южнее экватора.

10. Север Арктического круга и юг Антарктического круга называются высокими широтами или полярными районами.

11. Линии долготы или меридианы бегут с севера на юг.

12. Они соединяют Северный и Южные полюса

13. Главный Меридиан или нулевая долгота проходит с Северного полюса к Южному полюсу через Королевскую обсерваторию в Гринвиче в Англии.

14. Если смотреть из космоса, поверхность Земли состоит из континентов, островов и океанов.

15. Континенты это наибольшая суша на земной поверхности

16. Известны семь континентов: Азия, Африка, Северная Америка, Южная Америка, Антарктика, Европа и Австралия

17. Вместе, тектонические силы внутри Земли и гравитационные силы на ее поверхности создали четыре основных типа ландшафта: горы, холмы, плато, равнины.

18. Рельеф, в этом случае, зависит от изменений по высоте, очертаний и форм поверхности Земли.

19. Вулкан, это отверстие в земной поверхности, через которое извергаются лава, горячие газы, куски породы.

20. Жидкая расплавленная горная порода называется лавой, после того как она достигает поверхности Земли и магмой, когда она находится внутри.

21. Лава выливается на поверхность и формирует вулканы.

22. Кипящая магма выливается через трещины в земной коре и создает потоки лавы, которые растекаются по большим площадям, создавая ландшафты, такие как Декан плато в центральной Индии.

23. Вулканический пепел - это фрагменты менее, чем 1/5 дюйма (0,5 сантиметра в диаметре).

24. Иногда вулканический пепел вместе с водой образует потоки из кипящей грязи.

25. Кипящая грязь может достичь скорости 60 миль (97 км.) в час и может быть чрезвычайно разрушительной.

27. Люди всегда как зачарованы зрелищем извержения вулкана, так и напуганы его силой.

28. В течение последних нескольких лет случилось ряд аварий, которые произошли из-за того, что самолеты встретились с облаками вулканической пыли.

29. Для того, чтобы обеспечить наблюдение и доклад об облаках вулканической пыли и выдавать предупреждения пилотам и бортам ИКАО установила на международных трассах наблюдение за вулканами.

30. Специальные воздушные доклады о вулканической деятельности должны быть предоставлены летным экипажам, которые выполняют полеты по маршрутам, на которые могут влиять облака вулканической пыли.

Exercise 8.1.14 Make up your own sentences using the words and word combinations.

Body that revolves around; an imaginary line that marks the midway point; the highest point on; the greatest known depth below sea level is the oceans and smaller bodies of water cover; imaginary lines drawn on globes; 0^◦ longitude, runs from; Viewed from space, the surface of Earth is made up of continents, islands and oceans. are generally recognized; tectonic forces inside the Earth; gradational forces on its surface; major types of landforms: mountains, hills, plateaus, plains; relief refers to variations; an opening in the Earth’s surface; boils up through cracks in Earth’s crust; volcanic ash combines; a boiling mudflow; reach speeds of; can be highly destructive; been both fascinated by the spectacle; terrified of their power; aircraft encounters with; assistance of other international organizations; has established an international airways volcano watch; special air-reports of volcanic activity; shall be provided for; on routes which could be affected by.

Exercise 8.1.15 Retell the text.