- •Unit 1 history of aviation
- •1.1 Aviation History
- •1.2.Eurocontrol
- •The Single European Sky
- •Unified Air Traffic Management
- •1.3 Supplementary Reading texts
- •International Civil Aviation Organization (part I)
- •International Civil Aviation Organization (part II)
- •International Standards and Recommended Practices (sarPs)
- •Procedures for Air Navigation Services
- •International Air Transport Association (Iata)
- •1.4 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 2 air traffic service
- •2.1 Air Traffic Service
- •Icao; sarps; fiRs; ifr; vfr; ats; atc.
- •2.2 How Air Traffic Controllers Operate
- •2.3 English Is the Language of Communication
- •Atc; r/ t; atis; volmet; bbc.
- •2.4 Supplementary Reading texts Language as a Factor in Aviation Incidents and Accidents
- •General and Aviation-Specific English Language Training
- •2.5 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 3 aircraft types and construction
- •3.1 Principle Structural Units of the Aircraft
- •3.2 Heavy Wide-body Transport Aircraft
- •Aircraft of a New Generation
- •Airbus a330
- •A330 mrtt
- •3.3 Supplementary Reading texts Aircraft – General
- •Vertical and Short take-off and Landing Aircraft
- •3.4 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 4 airport design
- •4.1 Airport Design
- •4.2 Baggage Carriage
- •4.3 Classification of Air Transportations
- •4.4 Carriage of Dangerous Goods
- •4.5 Airport Vehicles
- •4.6 Landing Area
- •4.7 Taxiways
- •4.8 Supplementary Reading Texts Airport
- •From the History of Hangars
- •Borispil Airport
- •4.9 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 5 atco’s workload
- •5.1 Atc Centre. Air Traffic Control Specialist
- •Nature of the work
- •Terminal (Tower) Controller
- •Area Control Centre Controller
- •Working conditions
- •Certificate and Rating Requirements
- •Physical Requirements
- •Written test and Interview
- •5.2 Controller’s Automated Workstation
- •5.3 Simulator Training of Aviation Specialists
- •5.4 Supplementary Reading Texts
- •Attenuation
- •Other features
- •5.5 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 6 human factor
- •6.1 The Meaning of Human Factors
- •6.2 Human Factors Within Systems
- •6.3 Speaking over the Telephone Part I
- •Making an Appointment
- •Being Unable to Keep an Appointment
- •Part II
- •An Applicant’s Passport is not Available
- •Congratulations on a Promotion
- •Booking a Plane Reservation
- •6.4 Controller Proficiency
- •6.5 Supplementary Reading Texts Human Factor
- •Crew Interaction Capability
- •Communication, Navigation and Surveillance /Air Traffic Management Interface
- •Error Management
- •Crew Information Requirements Analysis
- •Training Aids
- •Human Factor and Aviation Safety Problems
- •Los Rodeos Runway Collision
- •Cali b757 Terrain Crash
- •German Midair Collision
- •It's Not All About Accidents
- •My Best Profession
- •An Air Traffic Controller’s Job
- •6.6 Topics for discussion
- •Unit 7 health problems in aviation
- •7.1 Health as One of the Criteria of Air Traffic Controller Professional Selection
- •7.2 Holistic Medicine
- •7.3 Supplementary Reading Texts
- •7.3.1 The Spheres of Health
- •7.3.2 A Country’s Biggest Killer…
- •7.3.3 Stress: is your life a blur?
- •How to avoid hurry sickness and lead a better life
- •7.3.4 Yoga helps to relax
- •7.3.5 Alternative Cure 1 An unusual present
- •7.3.6 Alternative Cure 2 Extreme methods sometimes work
- •7.3.7 Alternative Cure 3 An allergic person’s confession
- •7.3.8 Alternative Cure 4 Macrobiotics as it is
- •7.3.9 Alternative Cure 5 Acupuncture – will it suit you?
- •Modern reflexology
- •7.3.10 The worst pain I have ever had (Four people’s experience)
- •7.4 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 8 geography
- •8.1 The earth. Volcanoes. Volcano Activity Warning System for Pilots
- •Icao, iavw
- •8.2 The Effects of the Weather on Aviation
- •8.3 Natural Catastrophes
- •8.4 Supplementary Reading Texts The Atmosphere
- •Weather
- •8.5 Topics for Discussion
- •9.1 Transponders Were Switched off to Prevent Aircraft Being Tracked by Air Traffic Control
- •9.2 Status Report
- •Investigation
- •Vor; acc; tcas; stca; uacc; atc
- •9.3 Loss of Separation
- •9.4 Controlled Flight into Terrain
- •9.5 Flight Chaos Across Europe After Air Traffic Control Strikes
- •9.6 Airplane Hijacking
- •9.7 Supplementary Reading texts Flight Security
- •Aviation Security
- •Civil Aviation Security Regulations
- •Civil Aviation Security
- •9.8 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 10 emergency
- •10.1 Drama as Pilot is Sucked out of Plane at 23.00 ft (The error that could not happen)
- •10.2 Communication Failure
- •10.3 Distress and Urgency Messages
- •10.4. What is a Near-Miss?
- •Ins; ifr; vfr; tcas; ra; ft; km; n; m; fl.
- •10.5 Supplementary Reading Text the search for a legendary fugitive - d.B. Cooper
- •10.6 Topics for Discussion
- •Word list
- •Subject index
- •References
4.7 Taxiways
Exercise 4.7.1 Read and translate the text.
There is a network of taxiways, also referred to as taxi strips, at the airfield. Taxiway (TW) is the special well-equipped part of the airfield used for taxiing only. Taxiways may be the main and connecting ones. Their purpose is to provide safe movement of aircraft about the airfield. Taxiways provide access from the runways to the terminal area and maintenance hangars, as well as from the terminal area to the take-off ends of the runways. Taxiways should be arranged so that aircraft, which landed, do not interfere with aircraft taxiing to take off.
At busy airports there is a main taxiway going parallel the runway connecting its ends. Connecting TW is intended to link the RW, main TW, apron and special purpose areas. Where taxiing traffic is simultaneously in both directions parallel one-way taxiways are provided. Routes are selected to provide the shortest practicable distances from the terminal area to the end of the runways used for take-off. Whenever possible, taxiways are routed so as to avoid crossing of active runways.
During peak traffic periods, when a continuous supply of aircraft is available, the capacity of a runway is dependent, to a large degree, on how quickly landing aircraft can be vacated from the runway. Therefore, taxiways should be located at various points along the runway, so that landing aircraft can leave the runway as quickly as possible to clear it for use by other aircraft.
The location of exit taxiways is also influenced by the location of the runways relative to the terminal area.
Exercise 4.7.2 Answer the questions.
1. What is the purpose of taxiways?
2. What do taxiways provide?
3. How should taxiways be arranged?
4. Where are parallel one-way taxiways provided?
5. How should taxiways be located?
6. What is the location of exit taxiways influenced by?
7. Where is main TW located?
8. What does main TW provide?
9. What is connecting TW intended to link?
Exercise 4.7.3 Write T if the sentence is true and F if the sentence is false.
1. There is a network of taxiways, also referred to as taxi strips, at the airfield.
2. The purpose of taxiways is to provide safe movement of aircraft about the apron.
3. Taxiways provide access from the runways to the apron.
4. Taxiways should be arranged so that aircraft, which is taking off, do not interfere with the aircraft, which landed.
5. At busy airports there is a connecting TW going parallel the runway connecting its ends.
6. Routes are selected to provide the longest practicable distances from the terminal area to the end of the runways used for take-off.
7. Taxiways are routed so as to avoid crossing of active runways.
8. Taxiways should be located at different points along the runway.
Exercise 4.7.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.
Обеспечивать безопасное движение; технические ангары; пропускная способность ВПП; специально оборудованный; магистральная РД; соединительная РД; кратчайшее расстояние; площадка специального назначения; как можно быстрее; зона аэровокзала; для руления; вдоль ВПП.
Exercise 4.7.5 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and word combinations.
Goal; airplane; central taxiway; runway-in-use; fast; as fast as possible; to clear the runway; adjacent; to connect.
Exercise 4.7.6 State what part of speech the following words belong to.
1. network
a) verb b) noun c) adjective d) adverb
2. provide
a) regular verb b) irregular verb c) past participle d) adverb
3. access
a) countable noun b) uncountable noun c) adjective d) verb
4. busy
a) adjective b) comparative adjective c) adverb d) superlative adjective
5. simultaneously
a) adjective b) superlative adjective c) comparative adjective d) adverb
6. shortest
a) comparative adjective b) adverb c) adjective d) superlative adjective
7. end
a) countable noun b) verb c) uncountable noun d) adverb
8. dependent
a) adjective b) verb c) adverb d) past participle
9. quickly
a) adverb b) verb c) adjective d) noun
10. relative
a) noun b) adjective c) adverb d) verb
11. apron
a) countable noun b) uncountable noun c) adverb d) verb
Exercise 4.7.7 Match the words and word combinations in column A with those in column B.
A |
B |
1. airfield |
a. аэровокзал |
2. terminal |
b. кратчайшее расстояние |
3. connecting TW |
c. мешать, препятствовать |
4. shortest route |
d. размещение |
5. influence |
e. специально оборудованный |
6. location |
f. летное поле |
7. interfere |
g. магистральная РД |
8. main TW |
h. кратчайшее расстояния |
9. well-equipped |
i. влиять |
10. the shortest route |
j. соединительная РД |
Exercise 4.7.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.
1. The purpose of the taxiways is to ___________ (comply, provide, make, do) safe movement of aircraft about the airfield.
2. Taxiways should be ____________ (arranged, done, organized, made) so that aircraft, which landed, do not interfere with aircraft taxiing to take off.
3. At busy airports there is a main taxiway going parallel the runway ____________ (connecting, linking, joining, uniting) its ends.
4. While taxiing traffic is simultaneously in ___________ (two, twice, both, one) directions parallel one-way taxiways are provided.
5. Routes are ___________ (chosen, selected, elected, picked out) to provide the shortest practicable distances from the terminal area to the end of the runways used for take-off.
6. Whenever possible, taxiways are routed so as to avoid ______________ (crossing, passing, intersecting, traversing) of active taxiways.
7. During ____________ (busy, peak, occupied) periods the capacity of a runway is dependent on how quickly landing aircraft can be vacated from the runway.
8. The ____________ (location, disposition, situation, arrangement) of exit taxiways is also influenced by the _____________ (disposition, location, situation, arrangement) of the runway relative to the terminal area.
9. Connecting TW is intended to link the RW, main TW, apron and special __________ (aim, goal, purpose, target) areas.
Exercise 4.7.9 Fill in the gaps with the related words.
1. There is a network of taxiways, also __________ (REFER) to as taxi strips, at the airfield.
2. Their purpose is to provide safe _____________ (MOVE) of aircraft about the airfield.
3. Taxiways should be ___________ (ARRANGE) so that aircraft, which __________ (LAND), do not interfere with aircraft ____________ (TAXI) to take off.
4. At busy airports there is a main taxiway going parallel the runway ____________ (CONNECT) its ends.
5. While __________ (TAXI) traffic is ________________ (SIMULTANEOUS) in both directions parallel one-way taxiways are _____________ (PROVIDE).
6. Routes are selected to provide the _____________ (SHORT) practicable distances from the terminal area to the end of the runways used for take-off.
7. Whenever possible, taxiways are ___________ (ROUTE) so as to avoid ___________ (CROSS) of active runways.
8. The capacity of a runway is ____________ (DEPEND) on how ____________ (QUICK) landing aircraft can be ____________ (VACATE) from the runway.
9. Taxiways should be ___________ (LOCATE) at various points along the runway.
10. The location of exit taxiway is also _____________ (INFLUENCE) by the location of the runways relative to the terminal area.
11. Connecting TW is _____________ (INTEND) to link the RW, main TW, apron and special purpose areas.
Exercise 4.7.10 Fill in the prepositions if necessary.
1. There is a network _______ taxiways, also referred ______ as taxi strips, at the airfield.
2. The purpose of taxiways is to provide safe movement of aircraft ______ the field.
3. Taxiways provide access ______ the runways _______ the terminal area and maintenance hangars.
4. Taxiways should be arranged so that aircraft, which landed, do not interfere ______ aircraft taxiing to take off.
5. ______ busy airports there is a main taxiway going parallel the runway connecting its ends.
6. Taxiways are routed so as to avoid ____ crossing of active runways.
7. During peak traffic periods the capacity of a runway is dependent ______ how quickly landing aircraft can be vacated _________ the runway.
8. Landing aircraft can leave the runway as quickly as possible to clear it for use ______ other aircraft.
9. The location of exit taxiways is also influenced _______ the location of the runways relative _______ the terminal area.
10. Taxiway is the special well-equipped part of the airfield used _______ taxiing only.
Exercise 4.7.11 Put the given words in the correct order.
1. may/ the/ connecting/ ones/ main/ Taxiways/ be/ and.
2. are/ Taxiways/ so as/ avoid/ to/ routed/ of/ runway/ crossing/ active.
3. located/ be/ should/ Taxiways/ various/ the/ runway/ along/ points/ at.
4. special/ the/ airfield/ Taxiway/ part/ is/ a/ of/ taxiing/ for/ used.
Exercise 4.7.12 Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Рулежная дорожка – это часть летного поля, специально подготовленная для руления воздушных судов.
2. Соединительная РД – рулежная дорожка, связывающая ВПП, магистральную РД, перрон и площадки специального назначения.
3. Рулежные дорожки обеспечивают доступ от взлетных полос до зоны аэродрома и технических ангаров.
4. Рулежные дорожки должны быть организованы таким образом, чтобы воздушные суда, которые совершили посадку, не препятствовали взлетающим воздушным судам.
5. Маршрут выбирается таким образом, чтобы обеспечить кратчайшее расстояние от зоны аэродрома до конца ВПП, используемой для взлета.
6. Если возможно, маршрут РД выбирается таким образом, чтобы избежать пересечения с действующей ВПП.
7. Во время пиковых периодов, пропускная способность ВПП зависит от того, насколько быстро садящееся воздушное судно освободит полосу.
8. Поэтому рулежные дорожки должны быть размещены в различных местах вдоль ВПП.
Exercise 4.7.13 Make up your own sentences using the words and word combinations.
Refer to; the take-off ends of the runway; to arrange; to interfere with; simultaneously; the shortest practicable distances; a continuous supply; available; the capacity of a runway; therefore; whenever possible; to be influenced by.
Exercise 4.7.14 Retell the text.