- •Unit 1 history of aviation
- •1.1 Aviation History
- •1.2.Eurocontrol
- •The Single European Sky
- •Unified Air Traffic Management
- •1.3 Supplementary Reading texts
- •International Civil Aviation Organization (part I)
- •International Civil Aviation Organization (part II)
- •International Standards and Recommended Practices (sarPs)
- •Procedures for Air Navigation Services
- •International Air Transport Association (Iata)
- •1.4 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 2 air traffic service
- •2.1 Air Traffic Service
- •Icao; sarps; fiRs; ifr; vfr; ats; atc.
- •2.2 How Air Traffic Controllers Operate
- •2.3 English Is the Language of Communication
- •Atc; r/ t; atis; volmet; bbc.
- •2.4 Supplementary Reading texts Language as a Factor in Aviation Incidents and Accidents
- •General and Aviation-Specific English Language Training
- •2.5 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 3 aircraft types and construction
- •3.1 Principle Structural Units of the Aircraft
- •3.2 Heavy Wide-body Transport Aircraft
- •Aircraft of a New Generation
- •Airbus a330
- •A330 mrtt
- •3.3 Supplementary Reading texts Aircraft – General
- •Vertical and Short take-off and Landing Aircraft
- •3.4 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 4 airport design
- •4.1 Airport Design
- •4.2 Baggage Carriage
- •4.3 Classification of Air Transportations
- •4.4 Carriage of Dangerous Goods
- •4.5 Airport Vehicles
- •4.6 Landing Area
- •4.7 Taxiways
- •4.8 Supplementary Reading Texts Airport
- •From the History of Hangars
- •Borispil Airport
- •4.9 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 5 atco’s workload
- •5.1 Atc Centre. Air Traffic Control Specialist
- •Nature of the work
- •Terminal (Tower) Controller
- •Area Control Centre Controller
- •Working conditions
- •Certificate and Rating Requirements
- •Physical Requirements
- •Written test and Interview
- •5.2 Controller’s Automated Workstation
- •5.3 Simulator Training of Aviation Specialists
- •5.4 Supplementary Reading Texts
- •Attenuation
- •Other features
- •5.5 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 6 human factor
- •6.1 The Meaning of Human Factors
- •6.2 Human Factors Within Systems
- •6.3 Speaking over the Telephone Part I
- •Making an Appointment
- •Being Unable to Keep an Appointment
- •Part II
- •An Applicant’s Passport is not Available
- •Congratulations on a Promotion
- •Booking a Plane Reservation
- •6.4 Controller Proficiency
- •6.5 Supplementary Reading Texts Human Factor
- •Crew Interaction Capability
- •Communication, Navigation and Surveillance /Air Traffic Management Interface
- •Error Management
- •Crew Information Requirements Analysis
- •Training Aids
- •Human Factor and Aviation Safety Problems
- •Los Rodeos Runway Collision
- •Cali b757 Terrain Crash
- •German Midair Collision
- •It's Not All About Accidents
- •My Best Profession
- •An Air Traffic Controller’s Job
- •6.6 Topics for discussion
- •Unit 7 health problems in aviation
- •7.1 Health as One of the Criteria of Air Traffic Controller Professional Selection
- •7.2 Holistic Medicine
- •7.3 Supplementary Reading Texts
- •7.3.1 The Spheres of Health
- •7.3.2 A Country’s Biggest Killer…
- •7.3.3 Stress: is your life a blur?
- •How to avoid hurry sickness and lead a better life
- •7.3.4 Yoga helps to relax
- •7.3.5 Alternative Cure 1 An unusual present
- •7.3.6 Alternative Cure 2 Extreme methods sometimes work
- •7.3.7 Alternative Cure 3 An allergic person’s confession
- •7.3.8 Alternative Cure 4 Macrobiotics as it is
- •7.3.9 Alternative Cure 5 Acupuncture – will it suit you?
- •Modern reflexology
- •7.3.10 The worst pain I have ever had (Four people’s experience)
- •7.4 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 8 geography
- •8.1 The earth. Volcanoes. Volcano Activity Warning System for Pilots
- •Icao, iavw
- •8.2 The Effects of the Weather on Aviation
- •8.3 Natural Catastrophes
- •8.4 Supplementary Reading Texts The Atmosphere
- •Weather
- •8.5 Topics for Discussion
- •9.1 Transponders Were Switched off to Prevent Aircraft Being Tracked by Air Traffic Control
- •9.2 Status Report
- •Investigation
- •Vor; acc; tcas; stca; uacc; atc
- •9.3 Loss of Separation
- •9.4 Controlled Flight into Terrain
- •9.5 Flight Chaos Across Europe After Air Traffic Control Strikes
- •9.6 Airplane Hijacking
- •9.7 Supplementary Reading texts Flight Security
- •Aviation Security
- •Civil Aviation Security Regulations
- •Civil Aviation Security
- •9.8 Topics for Discussion
- •Unit 10 emergency
- •10.1 Drama as Pilot is Sucked out of Plane at 23.00 ft (The error that could not happen)
- •10.2 Communication Failure
- •10.3 Distress and Urgency Messages
- •10.4. What is a Near-Miss?
- •Ins; ifr; vfr; tcas; ra; ft; km; n; m; fl.
- •10.5 Supplementary Reading Text the search for a legendary fugitive - d.B. Cooper
- •10.6 Topics for Discussion
- •Word list
- •Subject index
- •References
Weather
Fog is really a stratus cloud that forms at the ground or so close to it as too seriously impair surface visibility. Cooling is the most frequent cause of fog formation. It may be due to loss of heat by the ground because of radiation (radiation or ground fog), loss of heat of warm air following over a cooler surface (advection fog)), adiabatic cooling of air streaming over rising terrain (up-slope fog). Fog may form as a result of nonsaturated air becoming saturated through evaporation from water warmer than the air-stream fog. If the evaporation is from rain falling through colder air, the fog is referred to as frontal fog.
Thunderstorms are generally classified according to the way the initial lifting action is accomplished. They are divided into two general groups, frontal thunderstorms and air-mass thunderstorms. Each thunderstorm progreses through a cycle which consists of the three stages: 1) the cumulus stage, 2) the mature stage, and 3) the dissipating stage or anvil stage. The hazards associated with thunderstorm clouds are: lifting, hail, altimeter errors, icing, snow, turbulence, rusts. One of the weather phenomena most respected by pilots is the squall line of thunderstorms which sometimes precedes a cold front.
Icing is caused by an accumulation of super-cooled water drops which form ice on air frames, engines, propellers, rotors, windows and other exposed surfaces of an aircraft and under certain conditions inside their power plants.
Three conditions are necessary for formation of either rime or glaze ice (not frost however):
1) the presence of visible moisture
2) an outside air temperature at or below freezing
3) an aircraft whose temperature is at freezing or less
There are several forms of ice which an aviator will encounter – snow, sleet, hail, propeller ice, rotor ice, windshield and canopy ice, Pitot tube ice and structural ice.
Turbulence is caused by random fluctuations of wind flow which are instantaneous and irregular. There are four degrees of turbulence which the pilot should know: 1) light, 2) moderate, 3) severe, 4) extreme, and four causes of turbulence 1) thermal (or convective), 2) mechanical, 3) frontal, 4) large-scale wind shear. In addition to these phenomena, such as the wake turbulence.
Pilots operating at high altitudes should understand the following phenomena of high-altitude flight. Jet streams are very high-speed winds which usually flow west to east in narrow bands in the middle latitudes between 20000-40000ft. Jet streams occur near regions where there is a large horizontal temperature difference between warm and cold air masses.
Clear air turbulence (CAT) is sometimes encountered in the vicinity of jet streams, probably as a result of large wind shears.
A contrail is generated in the wake of aircraft flying in clear cold humid air. There are three types: 1) exhaust trails, 2) aerodynamic trails, 3) dissipation trails.
Canopy static is caused by solid particles (ice crystal of cirrus clouds) which brush against the canopy or other plexiglass-covered surfaces of the aircraft during flight and build up a static electric charge on them. When this static electricity is discharged, the accompanying noisy disturbance reduces radio reception.
There are ten principal sources of aviation weather information: 1) surface observation, 2) pilot balloon observation, 3) radar observation, 4) radiosonde observation, 5) weather recognizance flight, 6) meteorological rocket sounding, 7) satellite observation, 8) ships-at-sea-report, 9) automatic meteorological observation stations (AMOS), 10) pilot reports.
Answer the questions.
1. How is fog formed?
2. How are thunderstorms generally classified?
3. What hazards are associated with thunderstorm clouds?
4. What is icing caused by?
5. Could you name forms of ice which an aviator can encounter?
6. What is turbulence caused by?
7. Where do jet streams occur?
8. What does CAT stand for?
9. What condition is a contrail generated under?
10. Could you explain the formation of electric statics?