- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 Air Information Publications
- •Introduction
- •Format of an AIP
- •Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
- •Aerodrome Communication Facilities
- •Aerodrome Radio Navigation and Landing Aids
- •Other Sources
- •Search and Rescue
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 Fuel Policy and Fuel Monitoring
- •Universal Application of Fuel Policy
- •Realistic Trip Fuel
- •Reserve Fuel
- •Calculation of Contingency Fuel
- •Fuel Monitoring
- •Special Cases 1 – Decision Point Procedure
- •Special Cases 2 – Isolated Aerodrome Procedure
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Nautical Air Miles
- •Nautical Air Miles
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Single-engine Piston Aeroplane (SEP)
- •Introduction
- •Single-engine Piston Aeroplane
- •Cruise Power Settings Tables
- •Range Profile Figure
- •Endurance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 Multi-engine Piston Aeroplane (MEP)
- •Introduction
- •MEP 1-Fuel, Time and Distance to Climb Data
- •MEP 1-Range at Standard Temperatures
- •MEP 1-Cruise Power Setting and Fuel Flow
- •MEP 1-True Airspeed
- •MEP 1-Endurance
- •MEP 1-Descent Fuel, Time and Distance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Introduction
- •Aeroplane Data and Constants
- •Optimum Cruise Altitude
- •Short Distance Cruise Altitude
- •Answers to Simplified Flight Planning
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •En Route Climb
- •Cruise/Integrated Range Tables
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Descent Table
- •Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Answers to Integrated Flight Planning
- •8 MRJT Additional Procedures
- •ETOPS – CAP 697 MRJT1
- •Non-normal Operations
- •Fuel Tankering
- •Answers
- •9 Topographical Chart
- •Introduction
- •World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)
- •Aeronautical Information
- •Topographical Information
- •Miscellaneous
- •Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes
- •The Minimum Grid Area Altitudes (Grid MORA)
- •Choosing Cruising Levels
- •Altimeter Errors and Corrections
- •Exercise 1
- •VFR Exercise 2
- •Answers
- •Exercise 1 Answers
- •VFR Exercise 2 Answers
- •10 Airways
- •Introduction
- •Air Traffic Services (ATS) Routes/Standard Routes
- •Area, Low and High Level Charts
- •Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Answers to Examples/Exercises
- •Answers Exercise 1
- •Answer Airways Exercise 2
- •Projection
- •Track Direction/Magnetic Variation/Distance
- •Grid Navigation
- •Exercise 1
- •Answers to Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Answers
- •AT(H/L) 1 & 2 Information
- •Exercise 3
- •12 ATC Flight Plan
- •Introduction
- •Definitions
- •Annexes to This Chapter
- •Specimen CA48
- •Item 19: Supplementary Information
- •Item 15
- •Use of DCT (Direct)
- •Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Answers
- •Annex 2
- •13 Point of Equal Time (PET)
- •Introduction
- •Derivation of Formula
- •The Effect of Wind on the Position of the PET:
- •Single Sector All-engine PET
- •Engine Failure PET
- •14 Point of Safe Return (PSR)
- •Introduction
- •Derivation of the Formula
- •Transposing the Formula to the Navigation Computer
- •The Effect of Wind on the Location of the PSR
- •Single Leg PSR
- •Derivation of the Formula for Variable Fuel Flows
- •15 Revision Questions
- •Revision Questions
- •Answers to Revision Questions
- •Specimen Examination Paper
- •Answers to Specimen Examination Paper
- •Explanations to Specimen Examination Paper
- •16 Index
14
(PSR) Return Safe of Point 14
Point of Safe Return (PSR)
Derivation of the Formula for Variable Fuel Flows
In the preceding examples Safe Endurance was quoted in hours and minutes. If it is given as an amount of fuel then the following formula, which takes into account individual sector fuel flows altitudes, temperatures, wind components and engine configurations, may be used:
LET d |
= |
Distance to the PSR |
F |
= |
Fuel available (less reserves) for calculation of the PSR |
CO |
= |
The fuel consumption OUT to the PSR, kg/NM |
CH |
= |
The fuel consumption HOME from the PSR, kg/NM |
Consumption in kg/NM is usually obtained by: FUEL FLOW
GROUND SPEED
Or |
SECTOR FUEL |
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SECTOR DISTANCE |
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FUEL USED TO THE PSR + FUEL USED HOME FROM THE PSR = F |
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Therefore: |
dCO + dCH |
= |
F |
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d(CO + CH) |
= |
F |
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d |
= |
F |
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CO + CH |
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Example Variable Fuel Flows PSR - Single Sector
TAS 310 kt; wind component out to the PSR +30 kt. Total fuel available less reserves 39 500 kg; fuel flow out to PSR at FL270 is 6250 kg/h; fuel flow home from the PSR at FL310 is 5300 kg/h. Calculate the distance and time to the PSR.
CO |
= |
6250 kg/h |
|
= |
18.38 |
kg/NM |
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340 kt |
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CH |
= |
5300 kg/h |
|
= |
18.93 |
kg/NM |
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280 kt |
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D |
= |
39 500 kg |
= |
1059 NM |
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18.38 + 18.93 |
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Time to PSR |
= 1059 @ 340 kt |
= 3 h 7 min |
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Answer = 1059 NM 3 h 7 min
266
Questions - PSR with Fuel
6. |
Given: |
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|
GS Out |
|
400 kt |
|
Fuel flow out |
2800 kg/h |
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GS Home |
450 kt |
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Fuel flow home |
2500 kg/h |
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Total endurance |
15 000 kg |
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Reserves required |
3000 kg |
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What is the distance and time to the PSR from “A”? |
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a. |
1194 NM |
3 hr |
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b. |
872 NM |
2 hr 11 min |
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c. |
955 NM |
2 hr 23 min |
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d. |
1468 NM |
3 hr 40 min |
7. |
Given: |
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Total fuel available |
16 000 kg |
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Landing reserves required 1500 kg |
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P to Q distance |
2050 NM |
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fuel required |
11 500 kg |
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Q to P distance |
2050 NM |
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fuel required |
10 200 kg |
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What is the distance to the PSR from “P”?
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a. |
1369 NM |
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b. |
1514 NM |
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c. |
426 NM |
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d. |
1656 NM |
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8. |
Given: |
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TAS |
|
480 kt |
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W/V |
|
330°/80 |
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A to B |
|
3500 NM |
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Course |
|
200° |
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Fuel flow out |
2850 kg/hr |
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Fuel flow home |
2680 kg/hr |
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Total fuel available |
12 000 kg |
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Landing reserves required |
2000 kg |
|
What is the distance and time to the PSR from “A”?
a. |
1558 NM |
2 hr 57 min |
b. |
855 NM |
2 hr |
c. |
1135 NM |
2 hr 08 min |
d. |
855 NM |
1 hr 37 min |
Questions 14
Questions 14
267
14
Answers 14
Answers
Answers - PSR with Fuel
6.CO = 2800/400 = 7.00 kg/NGM CH = 2500/450 = 5.56 kg/NGM
955 NM 2 h 23 min
D = |
12 000 |
= |
955 NM @ 400 kt = 2 h 23 min |
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7 + 5.56 |
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7.CO = 11500/2050 = 5.61 kg/NGM CH = 10200/2050 = 4.98 kg/NGM
1369 NM
D = |
14 500 |
= |
1369 NM |
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5.61 + 4.98 |
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8. CO = 2850/530 = 5.38 kg/NGM CH = 2680/425 = 6.31 kg/NGM
855 NM 1 h 37 min
Use your Navigation Computer to get ground speed out and home.
Remember to balance the drift for both outbound and the reciprocal home legs. There are no short cuts!
D = |
10 000 |
= |
855 NM @ 530 kt = 1 h 37 min |
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5.38 + 6.31 |
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268
Questions
Questions - All Types
1.Given:
15 000 kg total fuel Reserve 1500 kg TAS 440 kt
Wind component 45 head outbound Average fuel flow 2150 kg/h
What is the distance to the point of safe return?
a.1520 NM
b.1368 NM
c.1702 NM
d.1250 NM
2.Given:
Fuel flow 2150 kg/h,
Total fuel in tanks 15 000 kg,
Fuel reserve required on arrival 3500 kg, TAS outbound 420 kt, wind -30 kt,
TAS home bound 430 kt, wind +20 kt. Find the time to point of safe return.
a.2 h 06 min
b.1 h 26 min
c.3 h 33 min
d.2 h 52 min
3.Given:
Safe endurance = 5 hours True track = 315
W/V = 100/20 TAS = 115
What is distance to PSR?
a.205 NM
b.100 NM
c.282 NM
d.141 NM
4.Given the following:
Departure to destination is 500 NM Safe endurance is 4 hours
Ground speed out is 150 kt Ground speed home is 130 kt
What is the distance and time to the point of safe return from departure point?
a. |
232 NM |
107 min |
b. |
221 NM |
89 min |
c. |
139 NM |
60 min |
d. |
279 NM |
111 min |
14
Questions 14
269
14 Answers
Answers - All Types
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
b |
d |
c |
d |
Answers 14
270