Chapter
9
Topographical Chart
Introduction |
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World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) |
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Track (Course) - Measurement of Direction and Distance . . |
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Aeronautical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Topographical Information |
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Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes |
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The Minimum Grid Area Altitudes (Grid MORA) . . . . . . |
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Choosing Cruising Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Altimeter Errors and Corrections |
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Exercise 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Exercise 2 - Flight Log |
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VFR Exercise 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Answers |
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Exercise 1 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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Exercise 2 Flight Log Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . |
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VFR Exercise 2 Answers |
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9 |
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Topographical Chart |
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Chart Topographical 9
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Topographical Chart |
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Introduction
The Jeppesen VFR + GPS (Visual Flight Rules + Global Positioning System) Chart GERMANY ED - 6 EDITION 1999 is the reference for Part-FCL 033 01 00 00, FLIGHT PLANS FOR CROSS-
COUNTRY VFR FLIGHTS.
The chart is a Lambert Conformal Conic Projection with standard parallels of N37° and N65°; its scale is 1/500 000 with elevations in feet. It is designed for VMC Flight in accordance with VFR. It is effective below FL125 in Austria, FL115 in France, FL100 in Germany and FL150 in Switzerland. The Isogonic lines are valid for 1999; see top of the chart at E008° 55’ and E012° 15’. The Highest Spot Elevation is 12 028 ft at N4707.4 E01220.8. Identification of adjacent charts is provided at the diagram top left-hand corner of the chart.
World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)
The co-ordinates of VFR REPORTING POINTS, AERODROMES and RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS use the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). e.g.
STUTTGART NDB = N4842.7 E00920.1
See the right-hand panels of the chart.
Example 1
a.What are the WGS84 co-ordinates of FOXTROTT 2 VFR Reporting Point in the Munchen Control Zone (CTR)?
b.What are the WGS84 co-ordinates and ICAO designator for Innsbruck International aerodrome?
c.State the Radio Navigation Aid, its frequency, call sign, co-ordinates and magnetic variation for MOOSBURG.
Answers can be found on page 141
Track (Course) - Measurement of Direction and Distance
TRUE DIRECTION is measured by placing the centre of a protractor over the midpoint of the track, aligning its north/south axis parallel to the nearest meridian and reading off the track direction in °(T). If the MAGNETIC direction is required the mean variation for the track is found by interpolation between the appropriate isogonals, updated as necessary for the mean annual change, and applying it to the true track direction as follows:
VARIATION WEST (+) |
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MAGNETIC BEST |
VARIATION EAST (-) |
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MAGNETIC LEAST |
DISTANCE in nautical miles is measured either by using the NEAREST MERIDIAN SCALE or the NAUTICAL MILE SCALE at the bottom of the chart; this latter scale has a Kilometre and Statute Mile Conversion. Thus:
60 NM = 111.1 km (60 × 1.852)
Topographical Chart 9
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Topographical Chart |
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Example 2 |
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What are the magnetic track and distance, in nautical miles and kilometres, between |
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aerodromes LAHR (EDTL) and STUTTGART (EDDS)? |
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Answers can be found on page 141 |
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Aeronautical Information |
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• AIRPORTS depicted on the chart are shown with their ICAO four-letter code, location name, |
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elevation in feet, longest runway available in metres and tower communication frequency; |
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(v) indicates that VHF Direction Finding (VDF) is available. |
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WAYPOINT INFORMATION. Compulsory and Non-compulsory Reporting Points are shown |
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on the chart with their assigned name. |
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Topographical |
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NAVAID INFORMATION provides a navigational aid’s frequency and identification; their |
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• TYPES OF AIRSPACE |
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co-ordinates are tabulated at the side of the chart. |
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When planning a flight the various types of airspace and their restrictions must be considered. |
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RESTRICTED, DANGER and PROHIBITED AREAS on the chart are depicted as shown. |
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• RESTRICTED AREA - Airspace of defined dimensions within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions.
• DANGER AREA - Airspace which has been notified as such within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may take place or exist at such times as may be notified.
• PROHIBITED AREA - Airspace of defined dimensions within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited.
Topographical Information
Note the symbols for natural high points, given in feet, and the Terrain Contour Tints, given in feet and metres. At the bottom right of the chart is a FEET METRE CONVERSION scale.
1 m = 3.28 ft
MINIMUM GRID AREA ALTITUDE (GRID MORA) figures are shown within each half degree of latitude and longitude; two noughts should be added:
47 = 4700 ft
The resulting value provides a clearance of all terrain by 1000 ft in areas where the highest point is 5000 ft or lower and 2000 ft where the highest point is 5001 ft or more.
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