3 Курс

ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗАНЯТТЯ № 1 (ІнПр, ЮФ 3к.)

Тема 1. Стан та перспективи розвитку галузі.

TASK 1. Read and retell the text. Evolutionary Biology: Technology for the 21st Century

The study of evolutionary biology is important to new medical technologies.Yet, evolution, especially microevolution, has been fundamental this century, and it promises to be profoundly important to biomedical technology in the next generation. For example, some agricultural methods depend on evolution (e.g., the artificial selection of crop strains and livestock breeds).

A less well-known fact is that evolutionary principles were used to produce many of our best vaccines and that evolution also causes problems with the use of some of those vaccines. The evolution of drug and chemical resistance in microbes, plants, and animals is one of the simplest examples of evolution that we have. In the latter half of this century, industry has been exceptionally good at providing compounds to kill viruses, bacteria, insects that eat crops and weeds that grow in crop fields. We even have an abundance of chemotherapy drugs to kill rogue cancer cells. Yet virtually without exception, our attempts to kill these organisms cause them to evolve resistance against the chemicals used to kill them. For example: AIDS is an example of a virus that evolves to thwart its destruction.

Evolutionary biology suggests how best to prolong the useful life of drugs/chemicals. In some cases now, the companies marketing the compounds have a financial interest in maintaining the longevity of their product, and they are funding studies by evolutionary biologists to develop wise use protocols. One of the big developments in evolutionary biology over the last 2 decades is a methodology to estimate the underlying patterns of ancestry among living things. These reconstructions of evolutionary history are known as phylogenies, or phylogenetic trees, because they are branched somewhat like trees when drawn from bottom to top. We can use molecular data to estimate the common ancestries of life as far back as we like — for example, between bacteria and our mitochondria (the energy-producing organelles in our cells). And these methods have found many worthy uses in tracking infectious diseases.

It is thus difficult but important to recognize that evolutionary biology has implications to a new century of medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, and even law. Students educated with this knowledge will have an edge in the competitive job markets of the future, but at least in some areas of medicine, a basic public understanding of evolutionary principles may be essential in successfully waging the ongoing war with infectious diseases.

TASK 2. GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE

		Active Voice Активний стан			Passive Voice Пасивний стан
Present Simple		I translate books. He writes stories. They know this writer. She reads books. He visits me.			The book is translated by me. The story is written by him. The writer is known to them. Books are read by her. I am visited by him.
Past Simple		I translated books. He wrote stories. They knew this writer. She read books. He visited me.			The book was translated by me. The story was written by him. The writer was known to them. Books were read by her. I was visited by him.
Future Simple		I will translate books. He will write stories. They will know this writer. She will read books. He will visit me.			The book will be translated by me. The story will be written by him. The writer will be known to them. Books will be read by her. I will be visited by him.
	PERSONAL PRONOUNS (особові займ.)			POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (присвійні займ.)
Число	Називний відмінок Nominative C.		Об’єктний відмінок Objective Case	Суміщена форма займ. + ім. Conjoint Form		Абсолютна ф. (займ. без ім. / ім. + of + займ.)
Однина	I found a job. You are сlever. He lives nearby. She is a student. It’s my baby.		He gave me a dog. He knows you. I gave him a book. I’ll talk to her. I hear it all right.	These are my bag. This is your idea. It’s his coat. Betty is her friend. I know its price.		These bags are mine. This idea is yours. The coat isn’t his. The dress is hers. -
Множ.	We have pets. You are friends. They keep fish.		Send us a letter. We’ll help you. We leave them.	This is our room. This is your pen. This is their car.		This room is ours. That phone is yours. This car is theirs too.

Ex.1. Transform the active form of the sentences into passive.

a) 1. Не broke his bicycle. 2. She will write a new book. 3. We will forgive his mistake. 4. Mother does not allow me to come home late. 5. She teaches us English. 6. The guide organized excursion well. 7. We will discuss this question in our office. 8. The pupils planted many trees near school. 9. She will serve dinner at two o'clock. 10. My little sister broke a cup. 11. We wash the dishes every day. 12. Our grandmother will send the telegram. 13. My doctor prescribed me this medicine. 14. A man showed me the way to her house. 15. My brother booked the tickets. 16. I will translate this text in the morning. 17. Jane wrote an interesting article. 18. The doctor examined patients every day. 19. They will build the bridge next month. 20. The enemies attacked the city.

b) 1. His parent's sent him to London. 2. They didn't invite Ben to the birthday party. 3. The teacher announced our marks at the lesson. 4. She will spend all her money on clothes. 5. He teaches them English at school. 6. I hope they will forgive my mistake. 7. Kate lost all the documents. 8. The professor operated on Jane last month. 9. They told me they would leave soon. 10. I forgot my purse at home. 11. My parent's will take me to the country. 12. We will finish this work in the evening.

Ex. 2. Open the brackets choosing the right form of the verb.

1. They (posted/were posted) the letters yesterday. 2. The letters (posted/were posted) yesterday. 3. You can (leave/be left) your case here. 4. The case can (leave/be left) here. 5. He will (tell/be told) me the truth. 6. The truth must (tell/be told) me. 7. You may (put/be put) your hat on. 8. The hat may (put/be put) on. 9. The machine mustn't (use/be used) after six o'clock. 10. They mustn't (use/be used) the machine. 11. Tomorrow I will (pay/be paid) the bill. 12. Tomorrow the bill will (pay/be paid).

Ex.3. Open the brackets using verbs in Past, Present and Future Simple Passive.

1. His car (to steal) last night. 2. Cheese (to make) from milk. 3. The dog (to give) some food in ten minutes. 4. The telegram (to receive) last week. 5. These televisions (to make) in Japan. 6. He (to give) a lot of money last month. 7. All the students (to invite) to the party next week. 8. I (to allow) to go for a walk now. 9. This man (to arrest) last year. 10. My question (to answer) soon. 11. Her book (to finish) this month. 12. The article (to translate) in three days. 13. Furniture (to make) from wood and plastic. 14. The news (to announce) tomorrow. 15. The patient (to take) to hospital last Friday. 16. The pupils (to explain) a new rule at the next lesson. 17. He (to appoint) a new manager. 18. Dictations (to write) every day. 19. This newspaper (to sell) everywhere.

Active Voice Активний стан	Passive Voice Пасивний стан
I invited. Я запросив.	I (not me) was invited. Мене запросили.
You help. Ти допомагаєш.	You ( also you) are helped. Тобі допомагають.
He asked. Він запитав.	He (not him) was asked. Його запитали.
She will answer. Вона відповість.	She (not her) will be answered. Їй дадуть відповідь.
We told. Ми сказали.	We (not us) were told. Нам сказали.
We admire. Ми захоплюємся.	We ( not us) are admired. Нами захоплюються.
They corrected. Вони поправили.	They (not them) were corrected. Їх поправили.
They rule. Вони керують.	They (not them) are ruled. Їми керують.

Ex. 4. Translate from Ukrainian into English using verbs in Past Simple Active and Passive.

1. Я сказав. - Мені сказали. 2. Я порадив. - Мені порадили. 3. Він дозволив. - Йому дозволили. 4. Вона намалювала. - Її намалювали. 5. Ми дали. - Нам далию 6.Вони залишили. - Їх залишили. 7. Він побачив. - Його побачили. 8. Я забув. - Мене забули. 9. Я привів. - Мене привели. 10. Вона покликала. - Її покликали. 11. Він відвів. - Його відвели. 12. Вони зрозуміли. - Їх зрозуміли. 13. Вона згадала. - Її згадали. 14. Він пробачив. - Його пробачили. 15. Я покликав. - Мене покликали.

Ex. 5. Translate from Ukrainian into English using verbs in Past, Present and Future Simple Pass.

1. Мені розказали. – Мені розказують. – Мені розкажуть. 2. Йому показали. – Йому показують. – Йому покажуть. 3. Їй дали. – Їй дають. – Їй дадуть. 4. Мені допомогли. – Мені допомагають. – Мені допоможуть. 5. Його помітили. – Його помічають. – Його помітять. 6. Нас запросили. – Нас запрошують. – Нас запросять. 7. Їм дозволили. – Їм дозволяють. – Їм дозволять. 8. Їй порадили. – Їй радять. – Їй порадять. 9. Його почули. – Його чують. – Його почують. 10. Мені повірили. – Мені вірять. – Мені повірять. 11. Їх впізнали. – Їх впізнають. – Їх впізнають. 12. Його згадали. – Його згадують. – Його згадають.

Ex. 6. Translate from Ukrainian into English using verbs in Past, Present and Future Simple Pass.

1. Я попросив свого друга допомогти мені. 2. Мене попросили допомогти йому. 3. Вчитель дав учням важке завдання. 4. Учням дали важке завдання. 5. Ми часто обговорюємо важливі питання вдома. 6. Важливі питання ми обговорюємо вдома. 7. Завтра вона закінчить цю роботу. 8. Цю роботу буде закінчено завтра. 9. Вона сказала нам правду. 10. Нам сказали правду. 11. Іноді він забуває купити хліба. 12. Чому про це часто забувають? 13. Він поверне книжку вчасно. 14. Книжку буде повернено вчасно. 15. Ці будинки побудували два роки тому. 16. Мама не дозволяє їм грати на вулиці. 17. їм не дозволяють грати на вулиці. 18. Коли будуть відправлені листи? 19. Вони зустрінуть нас на вокзалі. 20. Де нас зустрінуть?

Mind the place of pronouns!

to talk about to send for to look at to laugh at to wait for to care for to listen to

She is talked about. He was sent for. She was looked at. He is often laughed at. I was waited for. The child is cared for. They are listened to.

Ex. 7. Transform the active form of the sentences into passive. Mind the places of pronouns.

1. Не often thinks about her. 2. We looked for her everywhere. 3. People speak much about this film. 4. They sent for Alice. 5. She cares for her baby well. 6. They always laugh at Tom. 7. We will listen to the teacher attentively. 8. I always wait for my friend for a long time. 9. She asked for this book. 10. He will look for his key. 11. They will speak about this accident long. 12. He never listens to mother's advices.

REMEMBER! Can, may, must + BE + -ed / V3

Ex. 8. Transform the active form of the sentences into passive.

1. Jane must help her mother in the kitchen. 2. Somebody must send for the doctor. 3. You can buy this book at any book shop. 4. Tom must take his cousin to disco. 5. She can't do this work. 6. The doctor must take the patient to the hospital. 7. I can translate this text in an hour. 8. He must clean the garage. 9. Can you give me this book? 10. She can feed a dog with meat. 11. Fred must forget about it. 12. He must sign the documents. 13. You can show them the letter. 14. They must publish the article in the magazine. 15. Where we can put our bags?

TASK 3. READING: The nervous system

The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an man and transmit signals between different parts of his body. The nervous system consists of two parts, central and peripheral. The central nervous system of vertebrates contains the brain, spinal cord, and retina. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting them to each other and to the central nervous system. These regions are all interconnected by means of complex neural pathways. The enteric nervous system, a subsystem of the peripheral nervous system, has the capacity, even when severed from the rest of the nervous system through its primary connection by the vagus nerve, to function independently in controlling the gastrointestinal system.

Neurons send signals to other cells as electrochemical waves travelling along thin fibers called axons, which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses. A cell that receives a synaptic signal may be excited, inhibited, or otherwise modulated. Sensory neurons are activated by physical stimuli impinging on them, and send signals that inform the central nervous system of the state of the body and the external environment. Motor neurons, situated either in the central nervous system or in peripheral ganglia, connect the nervous system to muscles or other effector organs. Central neurons, which in vertebrates greatly outnumber the other types, make all of their input and output connections with other neurons. The interactions of all these types of neurons form neural circuits that generate an organism's perception of the world and determine its behavior. Along with neurons, the nervous system contains other specialized cells called glial cells (or simply glia), which provide structural and metabolic support.

TASK 3. READING. "The Common Law" – ЮФ.