Grammar: adverd (прислівник)

1. Прикметник, іменник… + суфікс -LY (= суфікс -О в укр. мові): quickly - швидко, badly - погано, yearly - щомісячно, slowly - повільно…; 2. -L + -Y = -LLY: awful - awfully; 3. -LE + -Y = -LY: miserable - miserably, terrible - terribly, noble – nobly. True - truly. 4. -IC+ -AL + -LY= -ICALLY: automatic – automatically.

2. Знач. „в певному напрямі” = - WARD(S): back, in — backward (назад), inward (всередину)...

Ex. 4. Form the adverbs from the following adjectives.

Serious, slow, happy, noisy, awful, loud, cheap, quick, polite, true, gentle, dramatic, wonderful, beautiful, peaceful, sad, hopeful, sudden, miserable, bright, immediate, warm, soft, amazing, cordial, extensive, absolute, foolish, merry, steady, fair, cheerful, cold, careful, terrible, quiet, dangerous, certain.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs (ступені порівняння прислівників)

Спосіб утворення	Звичайний ступінь	Вищий ступінь	Найвищий ступінь
1. Синтетичний: одно/двосклад.сл. без суфікса -LY.	Fast Long Soon	faster longer sooner	the fastest the longest the soonest
NB!	Early	Earl + i + er	Earl + i + est
2. Аналітичний (-LY → похідні присл.):	Slowly Hardly	MORE/LESS slowly, hardly	THE + MOST/ LEAST slowly, hardly
3. Особливі випадки:	1. WELL 2. BADLY 3. LITTLE 4. MUCH	BETTER WORSE LESS MORE	THE BEST THE WORST THE LEAST THE MOST
4. Два варіанти: („порядок”) (дистанція) („порядок”) (дистанція) („порядок”)	LATE FAR NEAR	LATER LATTER FARTHER FURTHER NEARER	THE LATEST THE LAST THE FARTHEST THE FURTHEST THE NEAREST THE NEXT

Ex. 5. Put the adverb into the correct form.

1. He speaks English (correctly) of all in my group. 2. The fire was put out (quickly) than we expected. 3. Whose singing did you like (well), Mary’s, Nina’s or Helen’s ? 4. You ought to have told me (early). 5. Now I can see the ship (clearly) than before. 6. Which of these two books did you enjoy (much) ?7. Which of all these books did you enjoy (much)? 8. Which of the students ran (fast) at the contest? 9. She visits them (frequently) than us. 10. I like this book (well) than that.

Ex.6. Chose the right varient: 1. The answer was not (satisfactory, satisfactorily). 2. The question can be answered quite (simple, simply). 3. He came into the room very (quiet, quietly). 4. It is not (good, well) for you to smoke. 5. I did not rest very (good, well) last night. 6. He wrote his dictation (bad, badly). 7. He is a (brave, bravely) man. 8. The weather is (cold, coldly) to-day. 9. This is a (comfortable, comfortably) chair. 10. We traveled (comfortable, comfortably). 11. The two sisters were dressed (different, differently). 12. He is (dangerous, dangerously) ill. 13. The children seem to be very (happy, happily). 14. They lived (happy, happily). 15. She looked round (helpless, helplessly). 16. She is quite (helpless, helplessly). 17. The sea was (quiet, quietly). 18. He goes to school (regular, regularly).

REMEMBER!

NB! Після дієслів (сенсорного/чуттєвого) сприйняття вжив. лише прикм.:
1. TO FEEL (відчувати). 2. TO SEEM (здаватися). 3. TO APPEAL (визивати). 4. TO BE (бути). 5. TO BECOME (стати). 6. TO STAY (залишатися).	7. TO GO (йти). 8. TO GET (виходити). 9.TO LOOK (виглядати). 10. TO SOUND (звучати). 11.TO SMELL (пахнути). 12.TO TASTE (смакувати).
E.g.: This cake tastes delicious. This symphony sounds perfect.
NB! ПІСЛЯ дієсл. сенсорного/чуттєвого сприйняття ― ПРИСЛ., якщо за ним стоїть ПРИКМЕТНИК.
E.g.: This pie was fantastic. ≠ This pie was fantastically delicious. The roof was dangerous. ≠ The roof was dangerously broken. Marry is serious. ≠ Marry is seriously ill.

Ex. 7. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of adverbs or adjectives.

a) 1. This cake tastes ... . I advise you to take a slice of it. (A delicious, B deliciously) 2. This symphony sounds ... . Shall we listen to it again? (A perfect, B perfectly) 3. Look at this fish! It looks ... . (A wonderful, B wonderfully) 4. The dinner which is on the table smells ... . (A nice, B nicely) 5. This silk feels ... . Will you buy it? (A soft, B softly) 6. Your broth always tastes ... . Will you give me the recipe? (A good, B well) 7. This music sounds ... . Will you turn the radio off? (A awful, B awfully) 8. The cloth you bought yesterday feels ... . (A smooth, B smoothly) 9. She looks ... . When did you meet her before? (A pretty, B prettily) 10. This custard smells ... . Will you give me a bit of it. (A tasty, B tastily) 11. Sidney Sheldon became ... as soon as his book has been popular. (A famous, B famously) 12. This silk feels ... and she wants to buy it. (A good, B well) 13. The soup tasted ... and we really enjoyed it. (A delicious, B deliciously) 14. This music sounds ... . I should like to buy this cassette. (A nice, B nicely) 15. What happened in here? The room is full of smoke and it smells … . (A awful, B awfully)

b) 1. She is … (A awful, B awfully). 2. She is … (A awful, B awfully) beautiful. 3. Her speech is ... (A wonderful, B wonderfully). 4. Her speech is … (A wonderful, B wonderfully) clear. 5. Ann's dress is ... (A usual, B usually). 6. Ann's dress is ... (A usual, B usually) perfect. 7. He is ... (A good, B well). 8. He is ... (A good, B well) bred. 9. His actions are ... (A nervous, B nervously). 10. His actions are ... (A nervous, B nervously) quick.

TASK 3. READING:Sentence

In law, a sentence forms the final explicit act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. The sentence can generally involve a decree of imprisonment, a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted of a crime. Those imprisoned for multiple crimes, will serve a consecutive sentence (in which the period of imprisonment equals the sum of all the sentences), a concurrent sentence (in which the period of imprisonment equals the length of the longest sentence), or somewhere in between, sometimes subject to a cap. If a sentence gets reduced to a less harsh punishment, then the sentence is said to have been "mitigated" or "commuted". Rarely (depending on circumstances) murder charges are "mitigated" and reduced to manslaughter charges. However, in certain legal systems, a defendant may be punished beyond the terms of the sentence, e.g. social stigma, loss of governmental benefits, or, collectively, the collateral consequences of criminal charges.

Statutes often specify the range of penalties that can be imposed for various offenses, and sentencing guidelines sometimes regulate what punishment within those ranges can be imposed given a certain set of offense and offender characteristics. However, in some jurisdictions, prosecutors have great influence over the punishments actually handed down, by virtue of their discretion to decide what offenses to charge the offender with and what facts they will seek to prove or to ask the defendant to stipulate to in a plea agreement. It has been argued that legislators have an incentive to enact tougher sentences than even they would like to see applied to the typical defendant, since they recognize that the blame for an inadequate sentencing range to handle a particular egregious crime would fall upon legislators, but the blame for excessive punishments would fall upon prosecutors.

Sentencing law sometimes includes "cliffs" that result in much stiffer penalties when certain facts apply. For instance, an armed career criminal or habitual offender law may subject a defendant to a significant increase in his sentence if he commits a third offense of a certain kind. This makes it difficult for fine gradations in punishments to be achieved.

Ex. 1. Make up the annotation to the text you have read.

Ex. 2. Compose the mini-vocabulary of the text.