Advocacy; solicitor; draft; appear; barrister; conveyancing

1. I am looking for a lawyer to help me buy some land for a business. – My firm undertakes a lot of ________________. We could advise you and help to ____________ contracts.

2. We’ve had some trouble in the past with getting large invoices paid. – We can do _________. If your case goes to court, I can ___________ in the lower courts.

3. Can you appear in the Appeal Court? – No, I’m a _____________ but my firm would instruct a ____________ if a case were to go to the Appeal Court.

4. Match the two parts of the definitions.

1. Someone who works for his or herself is	a. provide representation
2. If you speak on behalf of clients in court, you	b. lay clients.
3. Non-professional clients are known as	c. self-employed / a sole trader.
4. Barristers working solely for a company are called	d. instructed.
5. The governing authority of barristers are	e. in-house counsel.
6. When a solicitor gives a barrister the details of a case, the barrister is	f. the Bar Council and the Inns of Court.
7. When you work as a barrister you	g. practise at the Bar.

5. Match the judicial offices in the box with the required qualifications below. Bear in mind the hierarchical structure on the courts.

Justices of the Supreme Court Lord Justice of Appeal Circuit Judges District Judges (Magistrates’ court)

1. must have been qualified as a lawyer for at least seven years.

2. must have been qualified for ten years, although three years’ service as a full-time District Judge is allowed

3. must have been qualified as a lawyer for at least 15 years and is usually drawn from judges in the Courts of Appeal in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and in the Court of Session in Scotland

4. the statutory qualification is at least ten years in the High Court as a lawyer and, in practice, to be a High Court Judge

6. Speaking. What are responsibilities and legal education of

1. a solicitor?

2. a barrister?

3. a judge?

4. a magistrate?

5. a coroner?

7. Discuss these questions with a partner.

1. What legal education and training do Ukrainian lawyers have?

2. Explain the organisation of barristers in your country.

3. Explain the appointment and training of judges in your legal system.

Reading 2: Types of legal profession in the USA

Pre-reading task. Read the words. Mind the stress. A):

΄leeway e΄xecutive par΄ticipant

΄Veto nomi΄nation ,perso΄nnel

΄bailiff dis΄pose ,evi΄dentiary

΄edit con΄viction ,misde΄meanor

΄motion con΄sent ,employ΄ee

΄docket main΄tain ,memo΄randum

΄adjunct a΄ppellate ,dispo΄sition

΄educator trun΄cated e,limi΄nation

΄license o΄pinion ste΄nographer

΄entity a΄rray ,inter΄mediate

B) Complete the word building table.

Noun/Verb Adjective	Verb Noun
executive	nomination
appellate	to dispose
evidentiary	conviction
nomination	to maintain
justice	to edit
elimination	to assign

C)

Noun / verb Person	Noun / adjective Person
participant	conviction
nomination	educator
to assign	commission
to edit	stenographer
to type	appellate

D) Look through the following words to make sure that you know them, learn those you don’t.

executive [] executive power executive discretion executive department the executive head of the nation	виконавчий виконавча влада; Am. урядовий; президентський; компетенція президента міністерство, відомство; відділ адміністрації окремих штатів глава виконавчої влади, глава уряду; глава держави
nomination [] to place / put smb in nomination to accept a nomination to reject a nomination a nomination to a committee	1. виставляння, висування кандидатів (на виборах, для призначення на посаду); 2. призначення (на посаду); призначити когось на посаду; прийняти пропозицію про вступ на посаду; відмовитися від посади; призначення в комітет
leeway []	свобода дій; додатковий час; відстрочка;
participant []	учасник
veto [] to put / set a veto on smth. to sustain a veto to override a veto	1. вето; 2. заборона; накладати вето на щось; підтвердити заборону; подолати вето
court of last resort	суд останньої інстанції;
justice [] Chief Justice	1. суддя; 2. справедливість; 3. правосуддя голова суду
appellate [] appellate court	апеляційний; апеляційний суд
trial court	суд першої інстанції
to dispose (of) []	розглядати, вирішувати (справи)
evidentiary []	доказовий, який має значення доказу
to challenge []	заперечувати (проти чого-небудь у процесі)
conviction [] conviction on a charge conviction on indictment to seek conviction to suffer conviction to support conviction to sustain conviction	визнання підсудного винним; судимість; засудження; засудження за звинуваченням в злочині; засудження за злочин на підставі обвинувального акту; домагатися засудження; бути засудженим; отримати чи мати судимість; 1. обґрунтувати засудження; 2. підтримати засудження; підтримати засудження (в апеляційній інстанції)
misdemeanor []	проступок, незначний злочин;
to consent [] to consent to a proposal	погоджуватися, давати згоду; дозволяти, давати дозвіл; прийняти пропозицію
law clerk	помічник судді;
employee []	робітник; службовець; той, хто працює по найму
prior [] prior to	1. колишній; попередній; 2. більш важливий; першочерговий до, перед, раніше
to maintain [] to maintain order	зберігати, утримувати; підтримувати, захищати; підтримувати порядок
chore []	рутинна робота, повсякденна робота;
to edit []	редагувати; готувати до друку; бути редактором
elbow [] at one’s elbow	лікоть; під рукою, поруч
opinion [] dissenting opinion	судове рішення, висновок спеціаліста; оцінка; думка; особлива думка (судді)
sounding board	відбивач звуку, резонатор;
motion []	клопотання, прохання; пропозиція;
docket []	книга записів по справі, досьє судочинства; виписка рішення справи; список справ для слухання;
trial adjunct []	судовий помічник;
judge’s chamber []	кабінет судді;
to handle [] to handle legal matter	керувати, справлятися; займатися; розбирати, обговорювати; вести (справу); мати справу (з чимось); розбирати, розглядати судову справу
staff attorney	юристи, які входять в штат суду
memorandum (pl. memoranda) []	службова записка, меморандум, директива;
to assign [] to assign counsel to the defendant	1. призначати (строк); визначати, встановлювати (межу); 2. призначати на посаду, штатну; 3. приписувати призначати адвоката обвинуваченому
disposition []	1. розміщення аргументів в правильному, логічному, розумному порядку; 2. розпорядження, (pl.) плани, приготування; 3. відмова від майна;
screening [] to do the screening	відсів, фільтрація, (ретельна) перевірка; робити перевірку
truncated []	скорочений, спрощений;
elimination []	1. видалення; виключення; викидання; відсівання; 2. усунення; знищення, ліквідація
pleading [] to file pleadings	1. захист, виступати в суді в ролі адвоката; 2. заява, яка подається в суд (якими обмінюються сторони під час процесу); 3. судові дебати (формальна сторона судового процесу); 4. подання заяви в суд; надати підстави позову чи заперечення проти позову
educator []	викладач, педагог;
personnel []	персонал, штат; кадри
bailiff []	бейліф, судовий пристав; заступник шерифа; судовий виконавець
loosely []	широко; вільно
to license []	давати дозвіл, право, патент;
entity [] international entity legal entity	суб'єкт, особа; організм суб'єкт міжнародних відносин юридична особа
prosecuting attorney	державний обвинувач, прокурор;
house counsel	юрисконсульт /радник / рада, що працює в компанії
array [] array of problems	сукупність, маса; маса проблем

1. Read the text and translate the text into Ukrainian.

Judges

Judges in the USA initially come to the bench from other lines of legal work and after a substantial number of years of professional experience. American judges differ from judges of the common-law countries and civil-law systems in other parts of the world. Many judges have been legislators, but some have been office lawyers or counsel to organizations such as corporations or private associations. Numerous judges have been lawyers in government service as prosecuting attorneys or counsel to government agencies, either state or federal. Some judges are former law professors, but their number is small. Persons can enter the judicial system at any level. A lawyer can initially become a judge on the highest court, the lowest court, or any court between. In other words, a lawyer who has never been a judge can become a judge on a court of last resort or an intermediate appellate court or a trial court, in either a state or the federal system. Lawyers who come on the bench at the trial or intermediate appellate levels have no real promise of moving to a higher court.

Federal magistrate judges perform two kinds of functions. First, they hold hearings on variety of motions, such as motions seeking to control lawyers’ conduct of discovery in civil cases, and make recommendations to the district judge as to the disposition. Assistance of this sort enables district judges to dispose of these matters without having to sit to conduct hearings themselves; they can simply accept the magistrates’ recommendations. Magistrate judges also hold evidentiary hearing on prisoner’s petitions challenging the legality of their convictions, and they recommend factual findings to the judge. Second, magistrate judges are authorized to conduct trials in civil cases and in criminal misdemeanor cases if the parties consent. In other words, the parties can choose to go to trial before a magistrate judge instead of a district judge. If the parties exercise this opinion, the magistrate judge is empowered to decide the case and enter final judgment in the name of the district court.

The Attorney General

The federal system is the best known example of executive nomination with legislative confirmation. The Attorney General of the United States and the Department of Justice, which he heads, are key executive branch participants in the selection process, along with the White House staff. In selecting Supreme Court nominees, the President has even more leeway, but he still must take into account sentiment in the Senate, as that body has in effect a veto over the nomination.

Law Clerks

In the common-law tradition and in American practice prior to the twentieth century, judges functioned without assistance in judicial decision making. There has always been a clerk of the court, a court employee who handles the papers and maintains case files. Judges also have long had secretarial help for typing and other clerical chores.

A law clerk is usually a recent law school graduate. Most clerks have strong academic records in law school. Many appellate judges require experience on a student-edited law school journal. Typically a clerk serves one year, although some serve two. There are few career clerks. The law clerks, sometimes called ‘elbow clerks’, is a personal assistant to the judge. In general clerks do legal research, prepare memoranda on the cases, summarizing facts and issues and giving the clerk’s analysis, edit drafts of opinions written by the judge, and serve as a sounding board and discussion partner for the judge. Work as a clerk is considered an excellent professional experience for a new law school graduate, a year long transition from the academic to the ‘real’ world, with an opportunity to see the workings of the judicial process from the inside.

The work of law clerks in trial courts differ somewhat from that of law clerks in appellate courts. Appellate clerks spend much time in editing, and sometimes drafting, opinions that their judges are assigned to prepare for the court. Trial clerks also draft some memoranda and short opinions, but in addition they assist the judge with motions of all sorts and in pretrial conferences and hearings. They often deal with parties’ lawyers to assist the judge in managing his docket. To a considerable extent these different duties reflect the difference between the work of a trial court and that of appellate court.

Staff attorneys

The distinction between staff attorneys and law clerks in that the latter work for an individual judge in that judge’s chambers; the relationship is direct and personal, with the clerk responsible to no one except that judge. Central staff attorneys, on the other hand, work for the court as a whole. Central staff in appellate courts writes memoranda on cases for the use of the judges to whom those cases are assigned. In some courts they also draft proposed dispositions, usually short opinions in cases with issues that are not especially difficult or novel. Central staff attorneys often do the screening, a process of identifying those appeals that can appropriately be decided through truncated processes, usually involving the elimination of oral argument.

Adjuncts

In many state trail courts there are adjuncts variously entitled commissioners, referees, and part-time judges. In some state appellate courts there are commissioners who assist the court much as staff attorneys do.

Clerks of the court

Every court, whether trial or appellate, state or federal, has a clerk of the court who has a staff. The clerk’s office is the place where lawyers and litigants file pleadings, motions, and other papers in the cases brought in the court. The clerk’s office keeps a file on each case and maintains the docket book and the official record of the court’s actions in all of its cases. All matters that come before the judges flow first through the clerk’s office.

Judicial educator

The newest type of administrative official, now found in every state judicial system, is the state judicial educator. This officer, who usually works under the direction of the state chief justice or a judicial council of some sort, is responsible for planning and carrying out programs of continuing education for the state’s judges and other court personnel. In most states such educational undertakings are offered for judges at all levels, most commonly for trail judges of the general and limited jurisdiction courts.

Administrative and supporting personnel

In addition to all of these administrative and supporting personnel, there are battalions [bə´tæljən] of others who help keep the courts running. These include bailiffs, computer operators, court stenographers [], typists, guards, and building maintenance staffs.

American Bar Association

In the United States admission to the practice of law is the matter of state concern. There is no such thing as ‘the American bar’ in any official or formal sense. That expression is used loosely to refer to all the lawyers in the United States, each of whom has been state-licensed. There is no national or federal authority to admit persons to the legal profession. The entity known as the American Bar Association is a private, voluntary, nationwide organization of some 370,000 lawyers from all states; it is the largest organization of lawyers in the country, although there are many other private bar associations, often based on areas of legal specialization.

Within the legal profession there is no formal division; there are no barristers or solicitors. Anyone admitted to the bar in a state is legally authorized to engage in any kind of legal practice in that state. As a practical matter, though, there is an increasing degree of specialization among lawyers. Typical area of specialization are litigation, taxation, labor law, patent law, family law, trusts and estates, and various branches of administrative law.

Many lawyers are employed by government – federal, state, and local – in positions such as prosecuting attorneys, counsel to agencies, and staff attorneys in innumerable government departments and offices. Many other lawyers are ‘house counsel’ in private corporations and other nongovernmental organizations; they work full-time exclusively for those employers. As all of this suggests, there is a varied and rich array of career paths open to American lawyers.

3. Match the following words and phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents: A):

1. law clerk	a. секретар суду
2. staff attorney	b. суддя
3. trial adjunct	c. міністр юстиції і генеральний прокурор в США
4. clerk of the court	d. помічник на судовому процесі
5. justice	e. юрист, який входить у штат суду
6. Attorney General	f. судовий пристав, помічник шерифа
7. court administrator	g. державний обвинувач, прокурор
8. bailiff	h. помічник судді
9. prosecuting attorney	i. адміністратор суду

B)

1. motion	a. заява в суд, подання заяви в суд
2. pleading	b. судове рішення, висновок спеціаліста
3. negotiation	c. службова записка, меморандум, директива
4. memorandum	d. книга записів по справі, досьє судочинства; виписка рішення справи; список справ для слухання
5. docket	e. клопотання, прохання; пропозиція
6. opinion	f. 1. розміщення аргументів в логічному, розумному порядку; 2. розпорядження, (pl.) плани
7. disposition	g. переговори

C)

1. to come to the bench	a. надати канцелярське дослідження
2. to handle the papers	b. служити резонатором та партнером судді для обговорення
3. to maintain case files	c. призначати суддю для ведення справи
4. to do legal research	d. готувати план розміщення аргументів в логічному порядку
5. to prepare memoranda on the cases	e. підсумовувати факти і питання, яке становить предмет суперечки
6. to summarize facts and issues	f. вести книгу записів по справі
7. to give the clerk’s analysis,	g. займатися документами
8. to edit drafts of opinions	h. вирішувати за допомогою спрощеного процесу
9. to serve as a sounding board and discussion partner for the judge	i. готувати доповідну записку по справі
10. to draft some memoranda	j. стати суддею
11. to manage the docket	k. не включати усне обговорення
12. to assign the judge to the case	l. редагувати проект (начерк) судового рішення
13. to draft proposed dispositions	m. вести записи по справам
14. to decide through truncated processes	n. зробити начерк доповідної записки
15. to involve the elimination of oral argument	o. проводити юридичні дослідження

D)

1. to carry out programs of continuing education	a. ставити від сумнів законність засудження
2. to report the result to the court	b. проводити судове слухання доказів
3. to draft pleadings and motions	c. забезпечити повне та справедливе представлення справ
4. to transmit the testimony to the court	d. проводити подальшу освіту
5. to ensure the full and fair presentation of cases	e. подавати заяву в суд чи клопотання
6. to seek to control lawyers’ conduct of discovery	f. позбавлятися справ
7. to dispose of the matters	g. складати заяви в суд чи клопотання
8. to hold evidentiary hearing	h. передавати покази свідків до суду
9. to challenge the legality of their convictions	i. займатися всіма видами юридичної діяльності
10. to file pleadings / motions	j. повідомляти суд про результати
11. to keep a file on each case	k. прагнути контролювати поведінку адвокатів, що стосується знайдення документів для підтримання доказів по страві
15. to engage in any kind of legal practice	o. вести досьє по кожній справі

4. Give the English equivalent for the following words and phrases.

стати суддею; ключові посадовці; помічник судді; юрист, який входить у штат суду; юрисконсульт організацій; державний обвинувач (прокурор); суддя у суді останньої інстанції; проміжний апеляційний суд; суд першої інстанції; обирати кандидатів на посаду судді Верховного суду; мати право накладати вето на призначення (висування) суддів; міністр юстиції США; Міністерство юстиції; мати свободу вибору; займатися документами; досвід роботи редагування юридичного журналу в юридичному інституті; проводити юридичні дослідження; канцелярська робота; готувати доповідну записку по справі; готувати план розміщення аргументів в логічному порядку; вести досьє по кожній справі та вести книгу записів справ; вирішувати апеляцію за допомогою спрощеного процесу; подавати заяви до суду; подавати клопотання; Американська колегія адвокатів

5. Match the words with their definitions.

1. bailiff	a. formal (usually written) statements, replies to accusation, made by the parties in a legal action;
2. clerk	b. careful and thorough inquiry;
3. pleading	c. a law officer who helps a sheriff;
4. investigation	d. a person who acts for another in business or law; a lawyer qualified to represent clients in legal proceedings
5. misdemeanor	e. professional advice or estimate; judgment;
6. attorney	f. an officer who is in charge of records;
7. opinion	g. freedom to vary;
8. leeway	h. an offence less serious than felony.

6. Fill in the appropriate word.