Vicarious; caused; nuisance; familiarise; investigation; breach; negligently; confession; consideration; clause; hearsay

1. He does odd jobs for a __________. 2. The congressman was accused of a __________ of secrecy laws. 3. The goal of the experiment was to __________ the people with the new laws. 4. What __________ the accident? 5. People use the Internet as a __________ form of social life. 6. He is not very efficient and does his work __________. 7. A public __________ offends the public at large. 8. Much of what was reported to them was __________. 9. There was a congressional __________ into the scandal. 10. His __________ was extracted under duress (примус, тиск). 11. There is a __________ in his contract which entitles him to a percentage of the profits. 12. We are for a more equitable __________ of wealth.

B: Fill in the appropriate preposition or adverb where necessary.

1. The disruptive child was a nuisance ____ the class. 2. He ordered an investigation ____ the affair. 3. He made his confession ____ influence ____ liquor. 4. The firm was found guilty ____ breach ____ the contract. 5. What is the rationale ____ capital punishment? 6. He agreed to do it ____ a small consideration. 7. We familiarized ourselves ____ the new terms of the contract. 8. He was arrested after being kept ____ constant surveillance. 9. The system is not working ____ respect ____ training. 10. He gave his attention ____ the desperate state ____ housing in the province. 11. There’s a postage and packing fee ____ addition ____ the repair charge. 12. It involves the liability ____a firm’s owners ____ no more than the capital they have invested ____ the firm. 13. _____ the Constitution of the United States, no state can deny the right to vote ____the basis ____ gender. 14. The 19th Amendment ____ the Constitution gave women the right to vote.

8. Speaking Which of the courses in the excerpt are you required to take in the law degree programme you are enrolled in?

Reading 3: Law courses

Pre-reading task. Read the words. Mind the stress. A):

΄common com΄pare termi΄nology

΄Memo fru΄strating uni΄versity

΄definitely a΄ssociated re΄spective

΄system se΄mester co΄rrection

B) Complete the word building table.

Noun Adjective	Verb Noun
correction	correction
associated	to compare
system	to understand
frustrating	to present
practical	to prepare
difficult	to discuss
skill	practice
important	brief

C) Look through the following words to make sure that you know all of them and learn those that you don’t know.

associated [ ]	1. зв’язаний (з чим-небудь); викликаний, спричинений, обумовлений (чим-небудь); 2. об’єднаний, з’єднаний, поєднаний; приєднаний; 3. асоційований
respective []	відповідний
to be/get used (to) You’ll soon get used to it. I’m used to getting up early.	звикати, звикнути; ви скоро до цього звикнете; Я звик рано вставати.
frustrating []	який розчаровує, який викликає невіру у свої сили
terminology [] to use the legal terminology	термінологія використовувати юридичну термінологію
common law []	загальне право
memo [] (memorandum) explanatory memorandum	меморандум, пам’ятна записка, пам’ятний листок; замітка; лист з нагадуванням; доповідна записка або письмова довідка пояснювальна записка
Supreme Court	Верховний суд
to set up The journal was set up in 1924.	засновувати Цей журнал був заснований у 1924 році.
case [] to decide a case, to settle a case to hear, try a case to lose case to win a case The court will not hear this case.	(судова) справа, (pl.) судова практика; докази, аргументація у (судовій) справі; казус; судовий прецедент; винести рішення по справі; заслухати судову справу; програти справу, програти процес; виграти справу, виграти процес; Суд не буде розглядати цю справу.
brief []	короткий письмовий виклад справи
to compare []	1. (with) порівнювати, проводити паралель; звіряти; 2. (to) порівнювати, уподібнювати

Most universities now offer language courses for lawyers, and in some countries these courses are compulsory. Some courses in legal English focus on the study of Anglo-American legal system and associated terminology. Others offer a more practical introduction to the language skills lawyers will need during their future careers.

You are going to read a discussion between two law students, Heidi from Germany and Pavel from Russia. They are each spending a semester studying law in England and are discussing the English courses they were required to take as part of the law degree programmes in their respective countries.

1. Read the discussion and tick what each student says he/she did on his/her legal course.

H: So, how are things going? Are you having any trouble with the lectures?

P: Well, I did at the beginning. I had to get used to the accents. It was very frustrating – people here speak very quickly, which makes it harder to understand! But now it’s much easier – I can understand almost everything.

H: I wish I could say the same. Sometimes I only understand half of what the lecturer says. I have trouble writing too. That’s more difficult for me than understanding what people say. But I can normally find someone to look at my work and make corrections.

P: Yes, I think writing’s the hardest thing to do in English. But we did do a lot of writing exercises in my legal English course at university. That definitely helped.

H: Writing exercises? We didn’t have any writing practice in the English course we took. We learned a lot of terminology, a lot about the common-law system, how things work in America and the UK.

P: Really? Our course was more practical – we worked on the language skills that lawyers need: writing, reading, even doing legal research in English. And we had to write lots of different things, texts that lawyers really have to write, like letters to clients, memos, that kind of things.

H: We had to give presentations about different institutions. I gave one about the US Supreme Court. We don’t really work on speaking or research skills, though; it was more important to present the terminology. I described how the US Supreme Court is set up and how it works.

P: We gave presentations, too, but our presentations were on more practical topics. We did need to learn some terminology for those. We had to present case briefs, or talk about our own legal systems.

H: We didn’t talk about the laws of our country at all – only about the USA or the UK.

P: We compared the laws of different countries quite a bit. We read as lot about other legal systems, other countries’ laws. But we mainly practised speaking about our own legal system, and talked about how things work in our country.

H: It sounds like your course was better than mine.

P: I don’t know if it was better, but it was certainly more language-based and more skills-based.

H: Well, it certainly looks like you’re better prepared than I am!

		Heidi’s course	Pavel’s course
1.	worked on writing skills for lawyers
2.	practiced legal research skills
3.	learned about other legal systems
4.	studied terminology
5.	gave presentations
6.	practiced speaking about own legal system

2. Match the words with their definitions.

1. to compare with	a. depriving of confidence or hope or enthusiasm
2. brief	b. a) A short written statement outlining the terms of an agreement, transaction, or contract. b) A short note written as a reminder.
3. case	c. a document containing all the facts and points of law of a case by which a solicitor instructs a barrister to represent a client
4. memorandum (memo)	d. belonging or relating separately to each of several people or things
5. frustrating	f. to describe as being similar to
6. respective	g. a) An action or a suit or just grounds for an action. b) The facts or evidence offered in support of a claim.
7. to compare to	i. to be near in standard or quality

3. Fill in the appropriate preposition or adverb where necessary.

1. They found out they’d been associating ____ a murderer. 2. I am used ____ hitchhiking. 3. He set ____ the company four years ago. 4. Commentators compared his work ____ that of James Joyce. 5. 6. He just can’t compare ____ Mozart. 7. They offer tips ____ topics such as home safety. hulle kan nie vergelyk word nie يُوازي، يُشَبِّه уподобявам rovnat se måle sig med; tåle sammenligning; ikke tåle sammenligning vergleichen παραβάλλομαι, συγκρίνομαι compararse võrdlust (välja) kannatama قابل مقایسه بودن؛ در خور مقایسه بودن kestää vertailu se comparer לִדמוֹת मिलान može se uspoređivati sa felér vmivel, hasonlítható vmihez, vkihez menandingi standast samanburð við essere paragonato 似ている 비교하다 lygintis līdzināties tidak dapat dibandingkan vergelijken måle seg med, tåle sammenlikning med równać się comparar-se a se compara сравнить rovnať sa primerjati se porediti se jämföra[] เทียบเท่า kıyaslamak, kıyas kabul etmek 比得上 порівнятися سے قریب ، پہلو بہ پہلو đáng được so sánh 相比

4. Speaking Read the conversations again and then discuss with a partner which course (Heidi’s or Pavel’s) most resembles your experience of legal English so far.

Reading 4: Bodies of law

Pre-reading task. Read the words. Mind the stress. A):

'overview re'lationship ,appli'cation