Unit 5 Legal Profession
Reading 1: Types of legal profession in England and Wales
Pre-reading task. Read the words. Mind the stress. A):
΄rapidly prac΄titioner ,matri΄monial
΄Prosecute ad΄mit con,sideration
΄voluntarily de΄fend a΄ccuse
΄register pre΄side re΄move
΄innocent ju΄diciary pro΄ceeding
΄coroner in΄quire in΄dictable
΄deputy con΄cern ,super΄visory
B) Complete the word building table.
|
Noun/Verb Adjective |
Verb Noun |
|
to defend |
to admit |
|
to preside |
to defend |
|
judiciary |
to prosecute |
|
election |
to accuse |
|
innocent |
to preside |
|
indictable |
to remove |
|
supervisory |
consideration |
|
crime |
election |
|
to admit |
to inquire |
C)
|
Noun / verb Person |
Noun / verb Person |
|
to defend |
to accuse |
|
to preside |
jury |
|
to prosecute |
practice |
|
crime |
to vote |
|
election |
to inquire |
D) Look through the following words to make sure that you know them, learn those you don’t.
|
rapidly
[ |
швидко |
|
will (last will and testament) to make a will |
заповіт, остання воля; скласти заповіт |
|
magistrates’ court |
магістратський суд; мировий суд |
|
petty [ |
дрібний злочин |
|
matrimonial
[ |
подружній, шлюбний, матримоніальний |
|
debt [ to recover debts |
борг, боргове зобов'язання; заборгованість повернути борги |
|
to admit
[
to be admitted to the bar to admit to The boy admitted to stealing the apples. |
1. приймати, допускати; 2. визнавати, допускати; 3. визнаватися, зізнаватися (у злочині); отримати право адвокатської практики; визнавати (провину) Хлопчик зізнався в крадіжці яблук. |
|
representation
[ |
представництво; парл. делегація; група депутатів від якого-небудь виборчого округу |
|
on behalf of
[ |
від імені (кого-небудь) |
|
lay
[ |
світський, мирський; не духовний; непрофесійний |
|
in-house counsel |
юрисконсульт /радник / рада, що працює в компанії |
|
Crown Prosecution Service |
Служба кримінального переслідування |
|
to defend
[
to defend a case to defend an action to defend a suit
|
захищати на суді, виступати як захисник; захищатися, заперечувати свою провину або причетність до злочину; захищатися на суді; оспорювати позов; відповідати за позовом; відповідати за позовом, виступати в якості відповідача |
|
defendant
[ |
відповідач; підсудний, обвинувачуваний |
|
to prosecute
[
to prosecute a criminal
to prosecute an action to prosecute an indictment [ He was prosecuted for fraud. |
переслідувати в судовому або кримінальному порядку; пред'явити позов; порушити справу; вести справу, процес; виступати як обвинувач переслідувати злочинця в кримінальному порядку; вести судову справу; підтримувати позов, обвинувачення; підтримувати обвинувачення за обвинувальним актом; Його переслідували за шахрайство. |
|
wig |
перука |
|
gown
[ |
мантія (судді, викладача університету) |
|
proceeding [ |
судовий розгляд, судова справа; судочинство; судова процедура
|
|
capable (of)
[ He was capable of stealing. |
здібний, обдарований; умілий; знаючий Він був здатний на крадіжку. |
|
to accuse (of)
[
to accuse smb of telling lies He was accused of murder. |
обвинувачувати, звинувачувати; висувати обвинувачення (проти кого-небудь); обвинувачувати когось у брехні; Його звинуватили в вбивстві. |
|
Inns of Court |
«Судові інни» (чотири англійські школи підготовки баристерів) |
|
self-employed |
який обслуговує власне підприємство; який належить до вільної професії (про письменника, художника) |
|
circuit
[ |
округ (судовий, церковний); виїзна сесія суду |
|
collegiate [
|
університетський; студентський; корпораційний; колегіальний |
|
trainee [ trainee programmer |
стажист, практикант; програміст-стажист |
|
tenant [
tenant for life tenant at will |
власник (переваж. нерухомістю); наймач, орендар, наймач; тимчасовий власник; житель, мешканець довічний власник нерухомості безстроковий орендар |
|
to preside
[
The prime minister presided at/over the meeting. |
1. головувати, бути головою; займати місце голови, сидіти на чолі стола; 2. здійснювати контроль, керівництво Прем’єр-міністр головував на зборах. |
|
on account of |
через, внаслідок |
|
to
remove [ to removed from office |
зміщати з посади; забирати (звідки-небудь); зміщати з посади |
|
consideration
[ to take into consideration to leave out of consideration in consideration of... |
1. розгляд; обговорення; 2. міркування; взяти до уваги; не брати до уваги, не врахувати беручи до уваги..., з огляду на... |
|
office
term of office |
служба, місце, посада, пост; знаходження при владі, на посаді; термін повноважень |
|
judiciary [
|
судова влада; судоустрій; суд, суди; судді
|
|
juror [ grand juror |
присяжний засідатель член великого журі |
|
random
[ at random |
зроблений або сказаний навмання; випадковий; навмання |
|
register
[
electoral register |
журнал (записів; бортовий, шкільний, реєстраційний, будь-який журнал, куди заносяться будь-які факти в формальному порядку) список виборців |
|
to vote
[ without the right to vote to vote for (against) a proposal (a candidate) to vote in the affirmative (in the negative) to vote by ballot
to vote by (a) show of hands |
голосувати, балотувати; з дорадчим голосом; голосувати за (проти) пропозиції (кандидата); голосувати за (проти); балотуватися, вирішувати таємним голосуванням; подати голос шляхом виборчого бюлетеню; голосувати підняттям рук |
|
election [ to win an election to concede / lose an election to hold an election |
вибори; виграти на виборах; програти на виборах; проводити вибори |
|
innocent
[ innocent in fact innocent in law innocent of crime |
невинний, чистий; непорочний; фактично невинний; невинний за законом; невинний у вчиненні злочину |
|
to find smb guilty |
визнати когось винним |
|
coroner [
|
коронер (слідчий, спеціальною функцією якого є розслідування випадків насильницької або раптової смерті) |
|
to inquire (into)
[ to inquire into the disappearance of the rich old lady |
розслідувати, з'ясовувати; розслідувати зникнення старої жінки |
|
clerk [ clerk of the court |
конторський службовець, клерк; канцелярист; секретар суду |
|
sound common sense |
здоровий глузд |
|
voluntarily
[ |
добровільно; за своїм (власним) бажанням або вибором |
|
Attorney-General |
Генеральний аторней (Eng. приблизно відповідає Генеральному прокурору; Am. Міністр юстиції) |
|
deputy [ deputy director |
заступник, помічник; представник; депутат; заступник директора |
|
Solicitor-General |
Генеральний соліситор (заступник генерального прокурора) |
|
to concern
[ |
цікавитися, займатися (чимось) |
|
indictable
[
indictable offence |
який підлягає переслідуванню на підставі звинувачувального акту; злочин, який переслідується на підставі звинувачувального акту |
|
Lord Chief Justice |
Лорд-головний суддя |
|
supervisory [ supervisory body |
контролюючий; наглядовий; контролюючий орган |
]
]
crime
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
](=
legal proceedings, proceedings at law)
]
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(with)
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]
1. Read the text and translate the text into Ukrainian.
Solicitors
There are about 50,000 solicitors who are general practitioners, the number which is rapidly increasing, and they make up by far the largest branch of the legal profession in England and Wales. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-to-day work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts and may represent their client in a Magistrates’ court. In a civil action solicitors have a right to speak in the County Court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts, and they deal with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in Magistrates Courts, the lowest Courts.
To become a solicitor a young man joins a solicitor as a «clerk» and works for him while studying part time for the Law Society exams. When you have passed all the necessary exams, you may apply to the Law Society to be «admitted». After that you can practise, which means you can start business on your own.
Barristers
There are about 9,000 barristers who defend or prosecute in the higher courts. Although solicitors and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialise in presenting clients in court and the training and career structures for the two types of lawyers are quite separate. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with extreme formality of the proceedings. The barristers of the highest level have the title QC (Queen’s Counsel). A barrister’s main work is to provide representation in the courts, where they are referred to as counsel, to draft documents associated with court procedure, and give opinions, that is specialist advise. They are normally instructed by solicitors or other recognised professionals on behalf of lay clients. A barrister must be capable of prosecuting in a criminal case one day, and defending an accused person the next, or of preparing the pleadings and taking the case for a plaintiff in a civil action one day, and doing the same for a defendant the next. As the law has became more complex, barristers increasingly specialise in particular areas, such as personal injury, crime, family or commercial law. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the law. They are called in to advise on really difficult points.
Unlike solicitors, barristers can’t form partnerships but must act as sole traders with unlimited liability. Some barristers are in employed practice and may only represent their employer, for example as in-house counsel or in government departments like the Crown Prosecution Service. Many work independently in self-employed practice in groups called chambers or sets and practise at the Bar as a barrister. Chambers are traditionally located in the four Inns of Court in London and are also located in the UK regions, known as circuits. The Inns are principally non-academic societies which provide collegiate and educational resources for barristers and trainees. Members of the chambers, known as tenants, share common expenses and support services, which are administrated by the administrative manager as the Clerk.
A would-be barrister must first register as a student member of one of the four Inns of Court. A student must pass a group of examinations to obtain a law degree and then proceed to a vocational course (Bar Vocational Course, or BVC), the passing of which will result in his being called to the Bar. All practising barristers are junior counsels unless they have been designated Queen’s Counsels (QC). QС is expected to appear only in the most important cases.
Judges
There are a few hundred judges trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases. There is no separate training for judges; they are barristers who have been elevated to the bench itself, a name derived from the part of the Court where they sit. The professional judges, ‘High Court Judges’, deal with the most serious crimes. They are paid salaries by the state. The judge decides the interpretation of the law. After all the evidence has been given the judge summarizes the case, both law and facts, for the jury. This is called his summing up.
Judges cannot be removed from office on account of political considerations — the independence of the judiciary is, at least theoretically guaranteed.
There are following types of judges in England and Wales:
|
Judicial Office |
Court |
|
Justices of the Supreme Court |
the Supreme Court |
|
Lord Justice of Appeal |
Court of Appeal |
|
High Court Judges |
High Court of Justice |
|
Circuit Judges |
Crown Court and County Court |
|
Recorders |
Crown Court and County Court |
|
District Judges |
County Court |
|
Deputy District Judges (Civil) |
County Court |
|
District Judges (also known as Stipendiary Magistrates) |
Magistrates’ Court |
|
Deputy District Judges |
Magistrates’ Court |
Jury
A jury consists of twelve people (jurors), who are ordinary people chosen at random from the Electoral Register (the list of people who can vote in elections). The jury listen to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decide whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. If a person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge. Its verdict must be unanimous (it is essentially one of «guilty» or «not guilty») and, in the event of failure to reach agreement, the case is retried before another jury. Only 6 - 7% of jury decisions are by a majority verdict. Juries are rarely used in civil cases.
Magistrates
There are about 30,000 magistrates (Justices of the Peace or JPs), who judge cases in lower courts. They are usually unpaid and have no formal legal qualifications, but they are respectable people who are given some training. They are ordinary citizens who are selected not because they have any legal training but because they have ‘sound common sense’ and understanding of their fellow human beings. They give up their time voluntarily.
Coroners
Coroners have medical or legal training (or both), and inquire into violent or unnatural death.
Clerks of the court
Clerks look after administrative and legal matters in the courtroom.
Attorney-General and Director of Public Prosecutions
The Attorney-General is the Government’s chief Law Officer and his deputy is the Solicitor-General. They are primarily concerned with representing the Crown in Courts. The Attorney-General advises the Government on legislative proposals and on criminal proceedings which have a political or public element. He may take advice from his colleagues in the Government but he cannot be instructed by them. The Attorney-General is a member of Government; he is not actually a member of the Cabinet itself.
The Attorney-General has the power to stop proceedings for any indictable offence. He has certain administrative functions of which the most important is the control of the Director of Public Prosecutions. The DPP’s office was established under the Prosecution of Offences Act 1879. The Director undertakes about 7,000 prosecutions a year himself and is constantly required to give advice to the police, the main prosecuting agencies, as well as to central government departments and magistrates clerks.
Lord Chief Justice
The Lord Chief Justice (LCJ) holds the senior judicial office in the country. He presides over the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court and the criminal division of the Court of Appeal. He has supervisory and procedural duties relating to the administration of justice generally.
2. Match the words with their definitions.
|
1. Solicitor |
a. body of persons sworn to judge and give a verdict on a given matter, especially a body of persons summoned by law and sworn to hear and hand down a verdict upon a case presented in court. |
|
2. Barrister |
b. a lay judge or civil authority who administers the law (especially one who conducts a court dealing with minor offenses) |
|
3. Judge |
c. a lawyer who advises clients on matters of law, draws up legal documents, prepares cases for barristers, etc., and who may represent clients in certain courts |
|
4. Jury |
d. is an officer of the court whose responsibilities include maintaining the records of a court. Another duty is to administer oaths to witnesses, jurors, and grand jurors. |
|
5. Magistrate |
e. or forensics examiner is an official chiefly responsible for investigating deaths, particularly some of those happening under unusual circumstances, and determining the cause of death. |
|
6. Clerk of the court |
f. a public official with authority to hear cases in a court of law and pronounce judgment upon them. |
|
7. Coroner |
g. a British lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defence or prosecution |
3. A potential foreign client is talking to an English solicitor. Complete the solicitor’s statements with phrases from the list below.