- •Unit 1 a Career in Law. Legal Education
- •'Legal com΄pulsory liti΄gation
- •The study of law
- •Vicarious; caused; nuisance; familiarise; investigation; breach; negligently; confession; consideration; clause; hearsay
- •΄Memo fru΄strating uni΄versity
- •'Framework a'ttend su,peri'ority
- •΄Reasoning tech΄nique uni΄versity
- •University of cambridge faculty of law
- •Grammar 1 noun
- •Article
- •The Definite Article the
- •Prison, school, bed, sea, hospital
- •Unit 2 What is Law?
- •Injured; insurance; penalty; conduct; fear; takes advantage; offences; purpose; condemn; enable; set; charged with; offenders
- •How are laws made in the uk
- •Sources of English Law
- •European Union Law
- •Case Law
- •The History of the Ukrainian Legal System
- •Main Sources of Ukrainian Law
- •3. Fill in the appropriate word. A. Justice; judicial practice; access; in accordance with; restricted; impetus; normative acts; deprived of
- •Grammar 2
- •Verb present simple & present continuous
- •Resent perfect & present perfect continuous
- •State Verbs
- •Past simple & past continuous
- •Past perfect & past perfect continuous
- •Used to – Would – Be/Get used to
- •Future simple
- •To be going to
- •Shall & will
- •Time and Conditional Clauses
- •Future continuous & future perfect & future perfect continuous
- •Revenge, thief, blood feud, victim, tax, debt, the Ten Commandments, inheritance, outlawed, kidnapping, deals with, circumstance
- •Royal request; Stuart succession; more resistance; raising taxes; prevent; restricted; forced; financial control The Petition of Rights
- •Grammar 3 the passive voice
- •Changing from active into passive
- •Have Something Done
- •Three Unsolved Mysteries Continue to Fascinate
- •Reported speech
- •In statements:
- •In requests:
- •In questions:
- •Statements
- •Observe the Sequence of Tenses:
- •Reported Questions, Requests, Commands, Suggestions
- •Revision
- •1 . Choose the correct answer.
- •Unit 4 Legalese
- •Legalese
- •Мови та умови Про проблему перекладу юридичних текстів
- •Grammar 4 Revision of the Active Voice
- •Revision of the Passive Voice
- •Modal verbs
- •Must – Have to – Have got to
- •Mustn’t – Needn’t – Don’t have to
- •Didn’t need – Needn’t have done
- •Will – Would
- •Should – Ought to
- •Unit 5 Legal Profession
- •΄Prosecute ad΄mit con,sideration
- •Advocacy; solicitor; draft; appear; barrister; conveyancing
- •΄Veto nomi΄nation ,perso΄nnel
- •Motion; American Bar Association; disposition; handles; drafting; Department of Justice; prosecuting attorneys; docket; do legal research; bailiff; trial clerk
- •΄Juvenile pro΄cedure ,appre΄hension
- •The Court System of the uk
- •΄Record a΄ppellant ,desig΄nation
- •The American Court System The Dual System of State and Federal Courts
- •Level 1: Trial Court
- •Level 2: Appellate Court
- •Level 3: State Supreme Court
- •Grammar 5 conditional sentences
- •Mixed Conditionals
- •Unreal past
- •Had better – would rather – would prefer
- •Unit 6 Law firm structure
- •΄Dedicated pro΄curement ,resi΄dential
- •Law firm structure and practice
- •1. Anchor Robbins’ resources and expertise
- •1.1 General details
- •1.2 Professional Indemnity Insurance
- •1.3 Resources and Specialist Knowledge
- •'Creditor o'ccasion ,para'legal
- •΄Harassment in΄fringement ,termi΄nation
- •Grammar 6 the infinitive
- •The Forms of the Infinitive
- •The complex subject
- •The gerund
- •The Gerund and the Infinitive
- •Verbs taking to-infinitive or gerund with a change in meaning
- •Grammar revision Test 1
Sources of English Law
Sources |
|||||
1 Case Law |
2 Statute |
3 European Union |
|||
Common Law |
Equity |
Primary |
Secondary |
Primary |
Secondary |
- Based on strict legal rights |
- Based on fairness |
- Acts of Parliament |
- Delegated legislation: Statutory instruments (e.g. regulations or orders in council) and bye-laws (Local Authorities) |
- The Treaties |
- Regulations
|
- Applies automatically |
- Discretionary |
|
|
|
- Directives |
|
- Equity is a supplement to the common law and prevails if there is a conflict |
|
|
|
- Decisions |
2. Speaking Look through the chart and say what institutions there are in the EU.
3. Read the text carefully and report on the bodies and their legislation
European Union Law
The EU |
||
Institutions: |
|
Legislation: |
Council of Ministers Made up of ministers from member states responsive for the adoption of legislation |
Formulate and legislate → |
Treaties: Treaty of Rome Regulations: Directly applicable. Binding and enforceable from time of their creation
|
The Commission Made up of Commissioners from member states. They prepare legislation. |
|
Directives: Not directly applicable. Set out aims for member states to achieve by national law within a specified period. |
The European Parliament Made up of elected members from member states. Primarily a debating and advisory body |
|
Decisions: On operation of European law and policies. Binding only on the recipients |
European Court of Justice The final authority on European law |
|
Judgments: Rulings and interpretation on points of EU law. Final appeal court where European issues are resolved. |
4. Home assignment. Study the following information. Make reports on Case Law, Equity and Statute.
Case Law
Common Law
Development
1. (a) Pre-Roman conquest: no unified legal system. Justice dispensed in local courts.
(b) Post-Norman conquest: the king’s judges sent on circuit to resolve civil and criminal disputes in local courts.
(c) The law applied an amalgam of indigenous, largely Anglo-Saxon and Norman, law.
(d) Development of principles that rules of law laid down by a judge should be followed by other judges sitting in like cases.
Defects
2. (a) The writ system.
(b) Inadequate remedies.
(c) Failure to recognize rights arising under trusts.
Features
3. (a) Judge-made, i.e. not created by parliament.
(b) Common to the nation, i.e. not of merely local application.
(c) A case law system which may distinguished from equity.
Equity
Development
1. (a) Developed as a response to the defects in the common law.
(b) Dissatisfied litigants petitioned the king.
(c) In time, king delegated responsibility to the Lord Chancellor.
(d) Successive Chancellors developed a system of Chancery courts parallel to the common law court to dispense equity.
(e) Initially cases in equity decided on broad principles of fairness. By the 15th century cases decided according to precedent.
Content
2. (a) Created new remedies, e.g. injunction and specific performance.
(b) No writ system.
(c) Recognised trusts.
Relationship to the common law
3. (a) A gloss or supplement to the law.
(b) Earl of Oxford’s case 1615 – if law and equity conflict, equity was to prevail.
(c) The Judicature Acts 1973-75:
(i) fused the administration of law and equity
(ii) abolished the old Court of Chancery
(iii) set up the High Court in its modern form
(iv) confirmed the Earle of Oxford case.
Maxims
4. (a) ‘He who comes to equity come with clean hands.’
(b) ‘Equity is equality.’
(c) ‘Equity does not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy.’
Statute
1. Proposals for legislation are put forward in draft form as Bills, and may be introduced into either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. When the Bill has passed through one House it must then go through the same stages in the other House. When it has passed through both Houses, it is submitted for the Royal Assent which in practice is given on the Queen’s behalf by a committee of the Lord Chancellor and two other peers. It then becomes an Act of Parliament (or statute) but does not (if the Act itself so provides) come into operation until a commencement date is notified by statutory instrument.
2. If the House of Commons and the House of Lords disagree over the same Bill, the House of Lords may delay the passing of the Bill for a maximum of one year.
3. in each House, the successive stages of dealing with the Bill are as follows:
(a) First reading – publication and introduction into the agenda: no debate.
(b) Second reading – debate on the general merits of the Bill: no amendments at this stage.
(c) Committee stage – the Bill is examined by a Standing Committee of about 20 members, representing the main parties and including some members at least who specialize in the relevant subject. The Bill is examined section by section and may be amended. If the Bill is very important, all or part of the Committee Stage may be taken by the House as a whole sitting as a committee.
(d) Report stage – the Bill as amended in committee is reported to the full House for approval. If the government has undertaken in committee to reconsider various points, it often puts forward its final amendments at this stage.
(e) Third reading – this is the final approval stage at which only verbal amendments may be made.
5. Match the words with their definitions.
1. discretionary |
a. a topic of interest or discussion; an important subject requiring a decision |
2. treaty |
b. to make or become one; unite |
3. responsive |
c. a person who or thing that receives |
4. issue |
d. a) a judicial division of a state or the United States (so-called because originally judges travelled and held court in different locations); b) one of six areas into which England is divided for the administration of justice |
5. to resolve |
e. having or using the ability to act or decide according to your own judgment |
6. recipient |
f. to manage without; to give or apply |
7. to specify |
g. to decide or determine firmly; to express (an opinion) formally, esp (of a public meeting) one agreed by a vote |
8. conquest |
h. reacting or replying quickly or favourably, as to a suggestion, initiative, etc. |
9. to unify |
i. a legal document issued by a court or judicial officer |
10. to dispense |
j. a formal agreement or contract between two or more states |
11. circuit |
k. something, such as territory, acquired by conquering |
12. writ |
l. to state explicitly or in detail: |
6. Writing Look through the text in Ex. 4 and using your knowledge and/or additional sources write about the Ukrainian law-making.
Reading 4: Sources of Ukrainian law
Pre-reading task. Read words. Mind the stress. A):
΄competence cre΄ation peculi΄arity
΄constitute e΄nactment appli΄cation
΄mandatory ju΄diciary promul΄gation
΄ issue a΄ccess obli΄gation
΄ justice res΄trict accele΄ration
΄ mutual cri΄terion exe΄cution
΄ assets multi΄lateral implemen΄tation
B) Complete the word building table.
Noun Verb |
Verb Noun |
creation |
to adopt |
application |
to adapt |
enactment |
to restrict |
promulgation |
to combine |
obligation |
to constitute |
acceleration |
to conform |
diversity |
to register |
execution |
to depend |
observance |
to deprive |
C)
Noun Adjective |
Noun Adjective |
peculiarity |
judiciary |
competence |
access |
effect |
validity |
essence |
economy |
D. Before you read look through the following words and phrases to make sure that you know them. Learn those that you don’t know.
creation [] man’s creation creation of man |
створення; творіння рук людини; створення людини; |
body state body advisory body deliberative body governing body legislative body |
орган, організація, асоціація, товариство; державний орган; консультативний орган; дорадчий орган; орган управління; законодавчий орган; |
peculiarity [pi,kju:li´æriti] It is a peculiarity of Asia that its regions are either very hot or very cold. |
особливість, специфічність; Особливість саме Азії є те, що її регіони або дуже спекотні, або дуже холодні.
|
that is |
тобто; |
application [,æpli΄kei∫(ə)n] application of new techniques new applications for old remedies |
застосування; використання; використання нової техніки; нове застосування старих засобів; |
competency (= competence) / competent [´kompitənt] |
компетенція, правомірність; компетентний, правомочний; |
to adopt [ə΄dopt] to adopt a decision to adopt a constitutional amendment |
приймати; затвердити; прийняти рішення; прийняти поправку до конституції; |
enactment [i΄næktmənt] We support the call for the enactment of a Bill of Rights. |
закон, указ; введення закону в силу; Ми підтримуємо заклик прийняти «Біль про права». |
judicial [dЗu´di∫l] judicial decision judicial process |
судовий, законний; судовий вирок; судовий процес; судовий розгляд; |
judiciary [dЗu´di∫əri] federal judiciary independent judiciary |
судочинство; судова гілка влади; федеральна судова влада; федеральний суд; незалежна судова влада; незалежний суд; |
access [ik´ses] to have access to to deny access to gain, get access |
доступ; мати доступ до; заборонити доступ; отримати доступ; |
to restrict / restriction [ris΄trik∫(ə)n] His power was restricted within narrow limits. restriction on sales of weapons without restriction to impose, place, put restrictions on to lift restrictions |
обмежувати / обмеження;
Його повноваження були дуже обмежені.
обмеження на продаж зброї; без обмеження; накладати обмеження;
знімати обмеження; |
criterion [krai´tiəriən] (pl. criteria) decision criterion |
критерій;
критерій прийняття рішення; |
to deprive (of) [di´praiv] to deprive smb of smth You cannot deprive me of my rights. |
позбавити; віднімати, відібрати; відібрати у когось щось; Ти не можеш відібрати у мене мої права.
|
promulgation [,proml´gei∫n] |
оприлюднення, опублікування; проголошення; |
to adapt [ə´dæpt] She had to adapt herself to local conditions. |
адаптувати(ся), приладнати; пристосувати(ся); Їй довелося пристосовуватися до місцевих умов. |
to embrace [im´breis] The course embraces elements of law, history and philosophy. |
охоплювати, включати в собі; Курс включає елементи права, історії та філософії. |
obligation [,obli´gei∫n] to undertake obligations, assume obligations to fulfil, meet an obligation legal obligation |
зобов’язання; обов’язковість; прийняти зобов’язання;
виконати зобов’язання; правове зобов’язання; |
to ensure [in´∫uə] We will ensure equal opportunities for all. |
забезпечити, гарантувати; Ми забезпечимо рівні можливості для всіх. |
impetus [´impitəs] to gain impetus There was no impetus to work harder. |
рушійна сила, поштовх, імпульс, стимул; отримати стимул; Не було жодного стимулу працювати старанніше.
|
acceleration [ək,selə´rei∫n] He has also called for an acceleration of political reforms. |
прискорення; Він також закликав до прискорення політичних реформ. |
Main Sources of |
Ukrainian Law |
to combine [kəm´bain] to combine forces (efforts) combine against Let us combine our two firms against our competitors. |
поєднувати; об’єднувати; об’єднувати сили (зусилля); об’єднати(ся) проти/ когось (чогось); Давайте об’єднаємо наші дві фірми проти конкурентів. |
to constitute [´konstitju:t] They constituted her chief justification. |
складати; В цьому складалося її головне виправдання. |
effect [i΄fekt] to have a profound effect on smth. cause and effect produce an effect |
дія, вплив; сила; результат; наслідок; мати глибокий вплив на когось щось; причина та наслідок; подіяти, мати результат; |
diversity [dai´və:səti] |
різноманітність; несхожість; |
mandatory [´mændətri] mandatory power mandatory retirement |
обов’язковий, примусовий; мандатні повноваження; примусове звільнення; |
concerted [kən´sə:tid] concerted effort to take concerted action |
узгоджений; узгоджені зусилля; діяти узгоджено; |
to conform (to) [kən´fo:m] We have to conform our ideas to those of the society in which we live. to conform with the regulations |
відповідати (чомусь); узгоджуватись; Наші ідеї повинні узгоджуватись з ідеями суспільства, і якому ми живимо.
відповідати правилам (нормам); |
to issue [´i∫u:] to issue an order |
випускати; видавати; видати наказ; |
issue to bring up issue, to raise an issue to settle an issue to be at issue, to be in issue |
спірне питання; предмет спору; піднімати питання; ставити питання; вирішити питання; бути предметом розгляду/суперечки; |
execution [,eksi´kju:∫n] His intention and execution are not very near each other. execution of contract execution of criminal intent |
виконання; Його наміри та їх виконання не завжди відповідають один одному. виконання контракту; виконання злочинного наміру; |
validity [və´lidəti] validity in law validity of statute necessary validity |
законність, дієвість; обґрунтованість; законна сила, беззаперечність з точки зору закону; конституційність закону; конституційність |
temporary [´temprəri] |
тимчасовий; |
former a former University professor |
колишній; колишній професор університету; |
to point out He has pointed out a method of investigation. |
відзначати; вказувати; Він вказав на метод розслідування. |
treaty [´tri:ti] to conclude, sign a treaty to confirm, ratify a treaty to negotiate, work out a treaty bilateral [bai΄læt(ə)r(ə)] treaty The Senate confirms all treaties. |
договір; угода; заключати, відписати договір; ухвалити, ратифікувати угоду; обговорити, розробити угоду; двостороння угода; Сенат ухвалює усі угоди. |
observance [əb´zə:vəns] law observance |
дотримування (традиції); дотримування закону; |
implementation [,im[imen´tei∫n] implementation of agreement administrative implementation implementation by Parliament legal implementation |
впровадження; виконання; виконання угоди; виконання (закону) адміністративним органом; проведення через парламент; юридичне оформлення; |
mutual [´mju:t∫uəl] mutual help, mutual aid mutual relations mutual understanding |
взаємний; взаємодопомога; взаємовідносини; взаєморозуміння, злагода; |
multilateral [mΛti´lætərəl] multilateral agreement multilateral arrangement |
багатосторонній; багатостороння угода; багатостороння домовленість; |
to be entitled [in΄taitld] to be entitled to appear before the court |
мати право (на щось); мати право виступати в суді; |
in pursuance of [pə´sju:əns] in pursuance of the order |
виконуючи, згідно (до чогось); виконуючи наказ; |
assets [´æsets] bank assets assets brought into a business |
майно, активи; фонди; банківські активи; внесок в якусь справу; |
Office of Public Prosecutor |
прокуратура |
Ecclesiastical [i,kli:zi´æstik] |
духовний, церковний; |
1. Read and translate the text.