3. Fill in the appropriate word. A. Justice; judicial practice; access; in accordance with; restricted; impetus; normative acts; deprived of
1. What would students do if they were _______ their books? 2. Students must have ________ to good books. 3. The treaty will give an _______ to trade between the two countries. 4. To do him _______, we must admit that his intentions were good. 5. Is the consumption of alcohol _______ by law in your country? 6. _______ has a very restricted usage in the Ukrainian legislation. 7. All ________ are registered at the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. 8. Normative legal acts of the Verkhovna Rada and the Cabinet of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea are adopted ________ the Constitution of Ukraine, the laws of Ukraine, acts of the President and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.
B. mandatory; consent; affairs; appealed; binding; order; valid; conform;
1. Your behaviour should _____ to the rules of society. 2. The court decision is ____ on all the parties. 3. The laws of the former Soviet Union are ____ until the adoption of new legislation. 4. Nowadays, no ideology is ____. 5. She _____ the judge’s decision until the case was heard in the U.S. Supreme Court. 6. When he asked me how much I earned, I told him to mind his own ____ 7. He gave the _____ for the work to be started at once. 8. He was chosen leader by general ____.
4. Match the definitions in the right column to the words given in the left.
|
1. promulgation |
a. to make suitable for a new use, need, situation; |
|
2. to reject |
b. promise, duty or condition that indicates what action ought to be taken (e.g. power of law, duty, a sense of what is right); |
|
3. dogma |
c. the judges of the country collectively; the system of law courts in a country; |
|
4. judiciary |
d. making public, announcing officially; |
|
5. to adapt |
e. to accept a rule, recommendation, etc.; |
|
6. to adopt |
f. to take away from; prevent from using or enjoying; |
|
7. obligation |
g. belief, system of beliefs, put forward by some authority to be accepted as true without questions. |
|
8. deprive of |
h. to put away, throw away, as not good enough to keep; refuse to offer; |
|
9. directive |
i. of the Christian Church; of clergymen; |
|
10. execution |
j. to be in agreement (with); comply with |
|
11. ecclesiastical |
k. effective because made or done with the correct formality; having force in law; |
|
12. to conform (to) |
l. oblige somebody to do something; |
|
13. assets |
m. anything owned by a person, company, etc., that has money value and that may be sold to pay debts; |
|
14. to be binding |
n. the carrying out or performance of a piece of work |
|
15. to appeal |
o. general or detailed instructions; |
|
16. valid |
p. to take a question to a higher court for rehearing and a new decision; |
5. Find in the text a word or a phrase that means:
1. standard or type as representative of a group when judging other examples; 2. question that arises for discussion; 3. formal agreement made and signed between nations; 4. shared, exchanged equally, held in common with others; 5.(formal) in the carrying out of or the performance of (one’s duties, a plan); 6. (a) command given with authority; (b) rules usual at a public meetings; 7. in agreement or conformity with 8. legal official who prosecutes criminal cases on behalf of the State or public.
6. Look through the text again and decide whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct those, which are false.
A. 1. The Ukrainian legal system is similar to the Anglo-Saxon one. 2. The Soviet power greatly influenced the establishment of Ukrainian law. 3. They applied laws of Bolshevik Russia in the circumstances of Ukraine. 4. The only legal source of Soviet Ukraine was legislation made by the Supreme Council of the USSR. 5. The judicial precedent is the main source in judicial practice in Ukraine. 6. The main principle of the Soviet legislation was to ensure individual rights and freedoms. 7. The main purpose of the new legislation of independent Ukraine was to create the basis for the development of market economy. 8. Nowadays Ukraine is trying to adapt its legislation to the demands of the European Union.
B. 1. The Ukrainian legislative system is based on the judicial decisions. 2. The highest legal source of the Ukrainian legislation is the Constitution of Ukraine. 3. Under the Constitution of Ukraine the citizens are entitled to appeal to the court when defending their constitutional rights. 4. Ideological diversity is unacceptable in our society. 5. The legislation of the former Soviet Union is still valid on the territory of Ukraine. 6. The Verkhovna Rada is the sole body in Ukraine that has the right to adopt laws. 7. The right of legislative initiative only belongs to the National Deputies. 8. International acts are not binding on the territory of Ukraine. 9. The sources of Ukrainian law also include legal textbooks, commentaries, and encyclopaedias.
7. Speaking Look through the text again and say:
1. what the main sources of Ukrainian law during the years of the Soviet power were;
2. what the purposes of the current legislation are;
3. what the Ukrainian legislation is based on;
4. what the principle of the rule of law means;
5. what normative legal acts include;
6. what lawmaking activities are within the competence of the Verkhovna Rada;
7. what other bodies are entitled to issue laws;
8. what international acts and treaties are binding on the territory of Ukraine.
9. what organs supervise the observance and application of legal norms.
8. Translate into English.
1. В Україні визнається і діє принцип верховенства права. 2. Єдиним органом законодавчої влади в Україні є парламент - Верховна Рада України. 3. Конституція України має найвищу юридичну силу. 4. Закони та інші нормативно-правові акти приймаються на основі Конституції України і повинні відповідати їй. 5. Норми Конституції України є нормами прямої дії. Звернення до суду для захисту конституційних прав і свобод людини і громадянина безпосередньо гарантується на підставі Конституції України. 6. Кабінет Міністрів України – вищий орган виконавчої влади, відповідальний перед Президентом України та підконтрольний Верховній Раді України. 7. Чинні міжнародні договори, згода на обов'язковість яких надана Верховною Радою України, є частиною національного законодавства України. 8. Укладення міжнародних договорів, які суперечать Конституції України, можливе лише після внесення відповідних змін до Конституції України. 9. Статути – це нормативні акти, на основі яких здійснюється лінія управлення діяльності органів управління, наприклад, Статут органів Міністерства внутрішніх справ. 10. Накази – це акти адміністративної діяльності, які звернені на підлеглих та співробітників, і мають на меті організацію роботи підприємства. Є також накази, що тлумачать законодавчі постанови уряду для забезпечення розуміння службовцями (employees) змісту цих правових документів.
9. Writing Write a mini-composition for or against the following statement ‘Laws are not for ordinary people, they are for lawyers’.
Reading 5: Types of Laws
Pre-reading task. Read words. Mind the stress. A):
΄ordinance o΄ccur ,unam΄biguous
΄milestone pre΄scribe ,regu΄lation
΄stipulate di΄rective ,expec΄tation
΄specify de΄termine pre΄vent
΄legislature e΄ffect re΄fer
΄welfare pro΄motion re΄port
΄injury ac΄tivity in΄tention
B) Complete the word building table.
|
Noun Verb |
Verb Noun |
|
regulation |
to occur |
|
legislature |
to stipulate |
|
promotion |
to specify |
|
injury |
to prescribe |
|
expectation |
to determine |
|
to refer |
to prevent |
C)
|
Noun/Verb Adjective |
Noun/Verb Adjective |
|
legislature |
activity |
|
injury |
regulation |
|
to prevent |
intention |
|
ambiguous |
to specify |
D. Before you read look through the following words and phrases to make sure that you know them. Learn those that you don’t know.
|
refer
[
The new law does not refer to land used for farming. |
1. направляти, відсилати; 2. посилатися; приписувати; 3. мати відношення, стосуватися; 4. говорити, згадувати Новий закон не стосується землі, яка використовується для фермерства. |
|
controversy [kən´trovəsi] / [´kotntəvə:si] international controversy |
суперечка, спір, суперечність; розбіжність;
міжнародний спір |
|
effect
[
give effect |
1. результат, наслідок; 2. мета; намір; смисл; суть, сутність (справи); 3. дія, вплив; 4. здійснення, виконання; вводити в дію, здійснювати |
|
unambiguous [anæm´bigjuəs] |
недвозначний, точно висловлений; однозначний |
|
legislature
[ |
1. законодавчий орган; 2. законодавча влада |
|
to determine
[
to determine the date of the trial to determine the cause of death / the accident to determine a dispute |
визначати, встановлювати; вимірювати, обчислювати; обумовлювати; вирішувати; призначати дату суду; встановлювати причину смерті, аварії;
вирішити суперечку |
|
promotion
[
|
1. сприяння (розвитку); заохочення, підтримка; підбурювання; 2. просування по службі, підвищення на посаді; надання чину; 3. заснування (акціонерного товариства) |
|
injury
[
civil injury |
1. тілесне ушкодження, забите місце, рана, травма, каліцтво; 2. шкода; (майновий) збиток; цивільне правопорушення, делікт |
|
to prevent [ to prevent from to prevent crime Nothing shall prevent us from reaching our aim! |
запобігати, попереджати; охороняти; заважати, перешкоджати, не допускати; запобігати злочинності Ніщо не завадить нам досягли нашої мети! |
|
ordinance [´o:dinəns] city / municipal ordinance to adopt / issue / pass an ordinance to apply / enact / enforce an ordinance to obey / observe an ordinance to repeal / revoke an ordinance |
постанова, розпорядження, припис, закон, декрет муніципальна постанова; прийняти закон, видати постанову; застосувати постанову, вводити в дію закон;
виконувати постанову, дотримуватися припису; скасувати постанову, закон |
|
milestone [ to pass a milestone He reached another milestone in his career. |
етап, рубіж, віха подолати рубіж; Він піднявся ще на один щабель у своїй кар’єрі. |
|
welfare [´welfεə] welfare work |
добробут, заходи щодо покращення добробуту; добродійність; матеріальна допомога; соціальна допомога |
|
to occur [ə´kə:] When exactly did the incident occur? |
відбуватися, траплятися, скоїтися Коли точно стався цей випадок? |
|
regulation [,regjə´lei∫(ə)n]
regulations rules and regulations government regulations police regulations
traffic regulations |
правило, регламент, припис, постанова, розпорядження, директива статут, інструкція правила та нормативи урядові постанови; статут поліції; закони про охорону громадського порядку; правила дорожнього руху |
|
data (pl.) [´deitə] (datum – sing.) to collect data to feed in data to process data to retrieve data to store data |
дані, факти, свідчення, інформація збирати дані ввести, завантажити дані; обробляти дані витягти дані зберігати дані |
|
to seize [si:z]
to seize documents to seize evidence to seize oneself of to seize the body of a person to seize the court |
захоплювати, накладати арешт, конфіскувати, проводити вилучення проводити вилучення документів; знімати покази; добувати докази; вступати у права володіння (майном); затримати саме особу (а не її власність); звернутися до суду |
|
to stipulate [´stipjəleit] The contract stipulates that the work must be finished by the end of the year. Did they stipulate how the job was to be done? stipulate for The other firm are stipulating for an early exchange of information regarding the contract. |
поставити умову, обумовлювати Відповідно до умов контракту роботу треба закінчити до кінця року.
Вони обговорили умови виконання роботи?
вимагати, наполягати Інша фірма наполягає на праві першою отримувати всю інформацію стосовно контракту. |
|
to provide [prə´vaid] (for) not provided for by the plan The expenses are provided for in the budget. The new law provides for equality of human rights. Section 17 provides that all decisions must be circulated in writing. |
передбачати, обумовлювати позаплановий Ці видатки не передбачені в бюджеті.
Новий закон передбачає рівність прав усіх людей.
Розділ 17 передбачає, що всі рішення треба подавати у письмовій формі. |
|
to specify [´spesifai]
He specified the reasons of their failure. The contract specifies that a penalty must be paid if the work is not completed on time. The instructions specify how the medicine is to be taken. |
точно (детально) визначати, встановлювати, наказувати, пропонувати, диктувати умови, Він указав причини їхньої невдачі.
У контракті точно визначено, що, якщо робота не буде закінчена вчасно, стягується штраф.
В інструкції щодо застосування детально вказано, як треба вживати ліки. |
|
to state
A problem must be stated in order to be solved. to state a case to state charge |
формулювати, точно встановлювати/викладати, визначати, заявляти, стверджувати, констатувати Щоб вирішити проблему, її треба чітко визначити. сформулювати суперечливі питання у справі; доповісти по суті справи сформулювати обвинувачення |
|
to set forth The details of the agreement are set forth in the contract. |
викладати, формулювати, визначати Всі деталі угоди викладено в контракті. |
|
to lay down
|
встановлювати, ухвалити (умови, правила), складати (план, схему) |
|
to prescribe [pri´skraib] It is prescribed by law. Here is a list of books which have been prescribed for this course. |
встановлювати, наказувати, приписувати Це передбачено законом. Ось список обов’язкової літератури до цього курсу. |
]
(to)
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
1. Which body of law, civil law or common law, is the basis of the legal system of your jurisdiction?
The word law refers generally to legal documents which set forth rules governing a particular kind of activity.
2 Read the following short texts, which each contain a word used to talk about types of laws. In which kind of document do you think each appeared? Match each text (1-5) with its source (a-e).
1. The new EU Working Hours Directive [
]
is reported to be causing controversy amongst
the medical profession.
2. When a statute is plain and unambiguous, the court must give effect to the intention of the legislature as expressed, rather than determine what the law should or should not be.
3. The purpose of this Ordinance is to regulate traffic upon the Streets and Public Places in the Town of Hanville, New Hampshire, for the promotion of the safety and welfare of the public.
4. These workplace safety and health regulations are designed to prevent personal injuries and illnesses from occurring in the workplace.
5. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to have the opportunity to present the Dog Control Amendment Bill to the House. It is a further milestone in meeting the changing expectations we have about what is responsible dog ownership.
Note: Ordinance – (UK) by-law/bye-law
a) court ruling
b) local government document
c) newspaper
d) parliamentary speech
e) brochure for employees
3 Find words in Exercise 2 which match these definitions. Consult the glossary if necessary.
1. rules issued by a government agency to carry out the intent of the law; authorised by a statute, and generally providing more detail on a subject than the statute
2. law enacted by a town, city or county government
3. draft document before it is made into law
4. legal device used by the European Union to establish policies at the European level to be incorporated into the laws of the Member States
5. formal written law enacted by a legislative body
4. Match the definitions in the right column to the words given in the left.
|
1. controversy – c |
a. to settle or decide (an argument, question, etc.) conclusively, as by referring to an authority |
|
2. unambiguous – g |
b. an important event, as in a person's career, the history of a nation, or the advancement of knowledge in a field; a turning point |
|
3. legislature – j |
c. argument between opposing points of view |
|
4. to determine – a |
d. to happen; take place; come about |
|
4. injury – f |
e. health, happiness, prosperity, and well-being in general |
|
6. ordinance – h |
f. physical damage or hurt |
|
7. milestone – b |
g. not doubtful or uncertain |
|
8. welfare – e |
h. an authoritative command or order |
|
9. to occur – d |
i. to take, especially by force or by law |
|
10. to seize – i |
j. a body of persons elected or invested with the power to make laws |
5. Complete the sentences below using the words in the box.
|
bill directive ordinance regulations statutes |
1 The Town Council will conduct a public hearing regarding a proposed.......................... concerning property tax.
2 According to the..........................concerning working time, overtime work is work which is officially ordered in excess of 40 hours in a working week or in excess of eight hours a day.
3 Early this year, the government introduced a new..........................on electronic commerce to Parliament.
4. A number of changes have been made to the federal..........................governing the seizing of computers and the gathering of electronic evidence.
5. The European Union.......................on Data Protection established legal principles aimed at protecting personal data privacy and the free flow of data.
Explaining what a law says
|
There are several ways to refer to what a law says. Look at the following sentences: The law stipulates that corporations must have three governing bodies. The law provides that a witness must be present. The patent law specifies that the subject matter must be 'useful'. These verbs can also be used to express what a law says: The law states / sets forth / determines / lays down / prescribes that ... |
6. Speaking Choose a law in your jurisdiction that you are familiar with and explain what it says using the verbs listed in the box above.