- •Contents
- •Preface
- •1.1 Smart Antenna Architecture
- •1.2 Overview of This Book
- •1.3 Notations
- •2.1 Single Transmit Antenna
- •2.1.1 Directivity and Gain
- •2.1.2 Radiation Pattern
- •2.1.3 Equivalent Resonant Circuits and Bandwidth
- •2.2 Single Receive Antenna
- •2.3 Antenna Array
- •2.4 Conclusion
- •Reference
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Data Model
- •3.2.1 Uniform Linear Array (ULA)
- •3.3 Centro-Symmetric Sensor Arrays
- •3.3.1 Uniform Linear Array
- •3.3.2 Uniform Rectangular Array (URA)
- •3.3.3 Covariance Matrices
- •3.4 Beamforming Techniques
- •3.4.1 Conventional Beamformer
- •3.4.2 Capon’s Beamformer
- •3.4.3 Linear Prediction
- •3.5 Maximum Likelihood Techniques
- •3.6 Subspace-Based Techniques
- •3.6.1 Concept of Subspaces
- •3.6.2 MUSIC
- •3.6.3 Minimum Norm
- •3.6.4 ESPRIT
- •3.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Preprocessing Schemes
- •4.2.2 Spatial Smoothing
- •4.3 Model Order Estimators
- •4.3.1 Classical Technique
- •4.3.2 Minimum Descriptive Length Criterion
- •4.3.3 Akaike Information Theoretic Criterion
- •4.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Basic Principle
- •5.2.1 Signal and Data Model
- •5.2.2 Signal Subspace Estimation
- •5.2.3 Estimation of the Subspace Rotating Operator
- •5.3 Standard ESPRIT
- •5.3.1 Signal Subspace Estimation
- •5.3.2 Solution of Invariance Equation
- •5.3.3 Spatial Frequency and DOA Estimation
- •5.4 Real-Valued Transformation
- •5.5 Unitary ESPRIT in Element Space
- •5.6 Beamspace Transformation
- •5.6.1 DFT Beamspace Invariance Structure
- •5.6.2 DFT Beamspace in a Reduced Dimension
- •5.7 Unitary ESPRIT in DFT Beamspace
- •5.8 Conclusion
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Performance Analysis
- •6.2.1 Standard ESPRIT
- •6.3 Comparative Analysis
- •6.4 Discussions
- •6.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •7.1 Summary
- •7.2 Advanced Topics on DOA Estimations
- •References
- •Appendix
- •A.1 Kronecker Product
- •A.2 Special Vectors and Matrix Notations
- •A.3 FLOPS
- •List of Abbreviations
- •About the Authors
- •Index
List of Abbreviations
1D One-dimensional
2D Two-dimensional
AA Adaptive array
AIC Akaike information criterion
AWGN Additive white Gaussian noise
DFT Discrete Fourier transform
DOA Direction of arrival
ESPRIT Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques
EVD Eigenvalue decomposition
FLOPS Floating point operations
LS Least square
LMS Least mean square
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MDL Minimum descriptive length
ML Maximum likelihood
MUSIC Multiple Signal Classification
PA Phased array
PAST Project approximation subspace tracking
RMS Root mean square
RMSE Root mean square error
SDMA Space division multiple access
SL Switched lobe
SNR Signal-to-noise ratio
SVD Singular value decomposition
TLS Total least square
ULA Uniform linear array
URA Uniform rectangular array
URFA Uniform rectangular frame array
About the Authors
Zhizhang (David) Chen received his B. Eng degree from Fuzhou University, P. R. China; his M.A. Sc. degree from Southeast University, P. R. China; and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Ottawa in 1992. From January to August of 1993, he was a NSERC postdoctoral fellow with the ECE Department of McGill University, Montreal, Canada. In 1993, he joined Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, where he is presently a full professor and Killam Chair in wireless technology.
Dr. Chen has authored and coauthored over 170 journal and conference papers in computational electromagnetics and RF/microwave electronics. He received the 2005 Nova Scotia Engineering Award, a 2006 Dalhousie graduate teaching award, and the 2007 Dalhousie Faculty of Engineering Research Award. His current research interests include numerical modeling and simulation, RF/microwave electronics, smart antennas, and wireless transceiving technology and applications. He is a fellow of the IEEE.
Gopal Gokeda received his M.A. Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, in 2002. He was a technology and design manger with Sensor Technology Ltd., Collingwood, Ontario, Canada, from 2006 to 2009. Between 2003 and 2006, he worked with Orion Electronics Ltd. (now Cobham Tracking and Locating Ltd.), Nova Scotia, Canada, as a project engineer. He was with the Defense Research and Development Organization in India as an electronic engineer from 1998–1999. His areas of expertise include
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project management, CPM scheduling and earned value analysis; government contracting and tendering; ISO quality and compliance control; wireless and acoustic system design; and hardware, software, and firmware design.
Yiqiang Yu received his M.A. Sc. degree with distinction in communication systems in 2003 and his Ph.D. in microwave communications engineering in 2007, both from Swansea University, United Kingdom. He is now a postdoctoral research fellow with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
Dr. Yu was a recipient of the Overseas Research Scholarship, awarded from the U.K. Overseas Research Award Scheme during 2004–2007.
Dr. Yu’s primary interest is in the applications of computational electromagnetics—in particular, the use of finite-difference methods, method of moments, and fast multipole methods in both the time and frequency domains. His interests also include RF/microwave components, antennas design and measurement, EMI/EMC testing, and iterative solvers and preconditioning techniques for large-scale matrix computation.