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3. Here are some other points to keep in mind about abstracts. Read and translate them.

1. Avoid if possible avoid trade names, acronyms, abbreviations, or symbols. You would need to explain them, and that takes too much room.

2. Do not refer in the abstract to information that is not in the document.

3. Don't use citations. Your abstract should be able to stand alone without any footnotes.

4. Avoid using I or we, but choose active verbs instead of passive when possible (the study tested rather than it was tested by the study).See Appendix I.

5. Usually the context of a paper is set by the publication it appears in (for example, CHEMICAL ENGENEERING magazine's articles are generally about novelties and improvements in chemical technology). But, if your paper appears in a somewhat un-traditional venue (e.g. Ecology), be sure to include in the problem statement the domain or topic area that it is really applicable to.

4. Read the summary and decide

1. What pieces of this text fit with motivation and purpose of the research?

2. How many sections does it consist of?

3. What is the subject of the research?

4. What sentence is methodology specified in?

5 What piece of this text describes the result?

6. What sentence is concerned with practical significance?

Tatyana A. Kremleva, Tatyana I. Moiseyenko, Vitaliy Y. Khoroshavin, Alexеy A. Shavnin

Geochemical features of natural waters of western siberia: microelement composition

SUMMARY. Small water-bodies of Western Siberia not subjected to direct anthropogenic impact are still not investigated, therefore the analyses of water sample is required to assess ecological state. Generalization of data concerning microelement composition of waters of small lakes was carried out. For the 130 lakes of various natural zones ranged from tundra to forest steppe concentration of more than 60 trace elements were determined by atomic emission analysis (ICP-MS). For each natural area medians, both minimum and maximum concentrations of trace elements in lakes were calculated. Moreover all the trace elements are ranked in descending order according to their content in the waters of lakes of certain natural zones. It was found that the content of macroelements are in their highest concentration in the areas of southern taiga and forest steppe, except for iron and aluminum, their concentrations being higher in the swampy waters of tundra and northern taiga zones, characterized by high color index and acidity. Moreover, the highest concentrations of Ti, Ni and Bi were also determined in the northern lakes. The data obtained can be used above all as background values for assessment of anthropogenic impact on aquatic ecosystems of Western Siberia.

KEYWORDS: Macro, -microelement composition, concentrations, small lakes, zonal features.

5. Look through the previous summary again and say what the words in bold serve for. Analyze all the verbal forms underlined.

6. Read the summary and divide it into logical parts. Say which words the author uses to a) switch from general information to specific one; b) add some facts/figures; c) to emphasize the conclusion; d) make generalization; e) for the sake of contract.

© Sergey M. Radomskiу, Valentina I. Radomskaya