damage; altitude-related speed restrictions; maximum angle climb; additional cost saving; target speed.

Ex. 42. Translate discourse markers.

При условии, что; благодаря; допуская, что; в случае, если …; хотя; несмотря на то, что; следовательно; более того; фактически; в дополнении к; во всех отношениях; тем не менее; в то время, как; итак; таким образом, однако.

Ex. 43. Discuss the initial climb phase using discourse markers.

CLIMB

Ex. 44. Practise saying these words.

A.Automatically, compute, hinge, engage, store, stored, database, maneuvering, restrictions, climb, constraints, selectable, economy, related, angle, cruise, value, function, predicted, deviation, similar, cause, expected, windshield, anti-icing, exist, anticipate, schedule, index, influenced, weight, exceed, excessive, additional, pitot, supplementary, reduced, decreased, compliance, alerting, satisfied, ensure, constraints, tolerance, uniform, switches, changes, access, pressurized, margin, tendency, obtain, command, unique, characteristics, technical, parameters, momentarily, technique, Mach, deteriorate, cruise, cruising, achievable, buffet, length, segment, approximately, bust, drag, burn, shaker, ratio.

B.To specify – specified, to qualify – qualified, to simplify – simplified, to modify – modified, to certify – certified, to identify – identified, to verify – verified.

To comply – compliance, to notify – notice, to verify – verification, to validate – validation, to select – selection, to prove – proof, to enter – entry, to engage – engagement, to guarantee – guarantee, to maintain – maintenance.

Ex. 46. Make sure you know these terms.

To cross-check, buffet, characteristics, cruise CG, FMC parameters, to initiate turn, stick shaker, FMC fuel predictions, to accelerate – decelerate, step climb, long range cruise mode, speed schedule, value, tailwind, headwind, drag, Mach, nose-down attitude, nose-up, level flight, to level off, bank, thrust rating of the engines, fuel burn, trip fuel, maneuver margin, latch, to override, to bust flight level, to feed.

Ex. 47. Translate these complex structures.

Bank angle; obstacle clearance; thrust reduction; pitch attitude; desired flight path; autopilot engagement; acceleration height; landing gear lever; low cruise altitude; normal economy climb speed schedule; waypoint restriction; cost saving; the entered cruise altitude; top of climb wind; fuel pump low pressure lights; a nose-up body attitude; noise abatement procedure; one engine out controllability; altitude-related speed restrictions; flaps-up maneuvering speed; altitude selection; single engine cruise speed; nose-down trim change; thrust limited altitude; by-pass ratio, anti-skid unit; predicted top of climb temperature deviation from ISA, fuel burn.

Ex. 48. Translate these word combinations.

Maximum altitude determined by three characteristics; to limit the ability to do sth; to guarantee the ability to maintain level flight at that speed; to decelerate the plane; limited by available thrust; to be familiar with performance characteristics of the airplane in these conditions; the most accurate limits; prior to buffet; when operating at or near maximum altitude; to activate the stick-shaker; to reduce the margin to buffet onset; to reduce load factor; to select long range cruise mode; short trip distance; to request / accept initial cruise altitude; the fuel consumed during flight; to achieve the flight plan fuel burn; to enter an appropriate step climb value in the FMC; zero wind maximum range cruise airspeed; to notify ATC; to disconnect autothrottle; to exhibit excellent stability throughout the high altitude; to encounter Mach buffet; to use manual thrust adjustments; to select CO thrust in FMC; to set engine out altitude and airspeed on MCP; to slow to ENG OUT speed; to maintain engine out cruise speed; to accelerate to MMO in level flight; at normal cruising altitudes.

Ex. 49. Think of synonyms.

Precise – . . . . . . . . . .; to elect – . . . . . . . . . .; constraints – . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . .; specified – . . . . . . . . . .; to perform – . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . .; particularly – . . . . . . . . .; to obtain – . . . . . . . . .; to permit – . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . .; to anticipate – . . . . . . . . . .; to turn on – . . . . . . . . . .; to cause sth – . . . . . . . . . . in sth; obstacle – . . . . . . . . . .; to initiate – . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . .; to feed – . . . . . . . . . .; to minimize – . . . . . . . . . .; momentarily – . . . . . . . . . .; onset – . . . . . . . . . .; to encounter – . . . . . . . . . .; nose-up – . . . . . . . . . .; fuel burn –. . . . . . . . . .; to drop – . . . . . . . . . ..

Ex. 50. Think of the best verb to be used here.

To . . . . . . . . . . climb thrust; to . . . . . . . . . . brakes; to . . . . . . . . . . all obstacles; to . . . . . . . . . . wings level; to . . . . . . . . . . the aircraft with the RW centerline; to . . . . . . . . . . data; to . . . . . . . . . . rudder; to . . . . . . . . . . additional

cost savings; to . . . . . . . . . . the mode; to . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . .

an aircraft.

Ex. 51. Make sure you know these abbreviations.

T/C, VNAV, LNAV, ECON, CAS, RAS, RTA, PI, ENG OUT, LVL CHG, MMO, FMC, CO thrust, FPM, ATC, PF , PNF, PM, AP, AT, APU, UTC = GMT.

REMEMBER

Ex. 52. Describe the climb phase sharing your experience with your groupmates.

CRUISE

Ex. 53. Practise saying these words.

Guidance, determined, unique, technique, characteristics, certified, certification, structural, load, fuselage, pressurization, sufficient, available, rating, capability, accomplish, minor, buffet, onset, relatively, amber, tape, guarantee, decelerating, band, portion, familiar, current, input, revert, turbulence, activate, deteriorate, approximately, acceptable, projected, default, variable, schedule, maintenance, profile, figure, table, diagram, graph, curve, minus, plus, add, subtract, multiply, divide, line, dotted line, arrow.

Ex. 55. Make sure you know these terms and word combinations.

Cruise, drag, buffet, pressurization, fuselage, load, payload, maneuver, margin, speed tape, decelerate, band, level flight, to maintain speed, to exceed, available thrust, required thrust, weight (taxi / takeoff / landing / zero fuel / dry operating weight), performance, cruise CG, bank angle, to update, loss, gain, value, service life, to result in, to lead to, maximum continuous power, stick shaker, to activate, to provide, to determine, to accept, acceptable, step climb, to consume fuel, inoperative engine, stability, proximity, trim system, to notify ATC, operative, serviceable, serviceability, failure, malfunction, amount, to override, to level off, altitude capture, autopilot pitch commands, flaps-up speed, trend, to encounter, to disregard, ambient, to be aware of, a sharp turn, clearance, clearance compliance, logo light.

Ex. 56. Translate these word combinations and paraphrase them.

FMC fuel prediction; thrust limited maneuver margin; manual thrust adjustment; single engine cruise speed; a real-time bank angle limiting function; automatically selected climb thrust limit; low altitude climb restriction; a low altitude level-off.

Ex. 57. Insert prepositions where necessary.

1. As speed nears . . . . . MMO, drag increases rapidly. 2. The minimum maneuver speed indication . . . . . the speed tape does not guarantee the ability to maintain level flight . . . . . that speed. 3. Depending . . . . . the thrust rating of the engines, the thrust limited altitude may be . . . . . or . . . . . the maneuver altitude capability. 4. Flight crews intending to operate . . . . . or near the maximum operation altitude should be familiar . . . . . the performance characteristics . . . . .

the airplane . . . . . these conditions. 5. This can result . . . . . loss . . . . . altitude or airspeed. 6. When operating . . . . . ECON mode, optimum altitude is the cruise altitude . . . . . minimum cost. 7. . . . . . shorter trips, optimum altitude may not be achievable since the top . . . . . descent point occurs prior . . . . . completing climb

. . . . . optimum altitude. 8. Step climb cruise is accomplished . . . . . entering a step value . . . . . the FMC according . . . . . available cruise levels. 9. It provides guidance . . . . . cruise phase . . . . . flight . . . . . passenger comfort and economy. 10. Cruise speed is automatically computed . . . . . the FMC and displayed . . . . .

the CRZ page.

Ex. 58. Think of synonyms.

Intended route – . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . .; to encounter – . . . . . . . . . .; amount – . . . . . . . . . .; optimum – . . . . . . . . . .; flaps up speed – . . . . . . . . . . speed, reduction – . . . . . . . . . .; consequently – . . . . . . . . . .; to disregard – . . . . . . . . . .; accurate – . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . .; to be familiar with – to be . . . . . . . . . . of; hard restrictions – . . . . . . . . . .; to suit operator needs – . . . . . . . . . .; to make – . . . . . . . . . .; nearly – . . . . . . . . . .; current speed – . . . . . . . . . .; still air – . . . . . . . . . .;

to store – . . . . . . . . . .; to trim – . . . . . . . . . .; uncommanded – . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . .; operative – . . . . . . . . . .; inoperative – . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . .; sharp – . . . . . . . . . ..

Ex. 59. Decode these abbreviations.

FADEC, ND, FMC, CRZ, LRC, CO, EFIS, CDU, MCP, TCAS, FMA, FCU, CRS, F-PLN, ISA, IAS, V/S, EXPED, FD, OPT ALT, AP, PERF, PROG, CRZ, LRC, HDG, RTA, MOD ENG OUT CRZ, MCDU, TCAS, RVSM, STD.

Ex. 60. Read the suggested level-off procedure, then describe the way you do it.

Straight and Level Cruising

To hold an altitude is easy enough in smooth air – if you can get the airplane trimmed properly for level flight. On reaching your altitude, you set your throttle for the desired cruising rpm and then, by means of the elevator, hold your nose higher or lower as necessary to obtain level flight – meanwhile keeping the engine rpm steady by readjusting as necessary. This way you will finally arrive at a flipper position and an air speed which you can maintain while also maintaining level flight and also maintaining the desired rpm. Finally, you set your trim tab so as to take the force out of the stick.

Still another way is this. You can climb beyond your intended cruising altitude by a couple of hundred feet; you set your throttle for approximate cruising power, and then you go down to your proper altitude in a shallow dive, thus quickly picking up your cruising air speed. This method is sometimes used on fast clean heavy airplanes because such aircraft, if leveled off in a usual manner, will take several minutes to accelerate to cruising speed, keeping the pilot busy unnecessarily.

Ex. 61. Paraphrase these word combinations.

High density traffic areas; retractable landing lights; light motors; air loads; icing conditions; transition altitude; flight altitude selection; to be in agreement; enroute NAVAID selection; final cruise level; fuel center tank pump switches;

MCP altitude selector; high altitude high speed mode; CON thrust; nose-down trim change; relatively minor maneuvering; manual thrust adjustments; step climb; buffet margin; minimum cruise time requirement; CRZ page target speed line; proper mode annunciation; ATC handover.

Ex. 62. Translate the words in italics.

Climb and Cruise Procedure – Pilot Flying and Pilot Monitoring

Flight crews will reduce rate of climb to a 2,000 FPM at 2,000 feet to level-off and 1,000 FPM at 1,000 feet to level-off. This restriction will be observed below FL200 when operating in busy TMA’s or high density traffic areas, such as holding patterns. During cruise, monitor 121,5 MHZ on VHF 2 and monitor UIR / FIR boundaries for correct handover by ATC. Retractable landing lights will normally be left on until passing FL100. Air loads at speeds in excess of 250 knots and icing conditions may shorten the service life of the light motors. Under the above conditions, consider turning retractable lights off.

Set altimeters to STD when cleared above transition altitude and above 3,000 feet AGL. If the PF has not set STD on passing transition altitude, the PM reverts to the standard callout "ALTIMETERS". Both crewmembers shall then set STD.

Call "ALTIMETERS" when passing FL100 / 10,000 feet.

Check – logo lights OFF, FASTEN BELTS switch AUTO or as desired. Verify pressurization normal at FL200, 300 and 400 during the climb phase. When cleared to final cruise level, confirm MCP, FMC and flight altitude

selection are in agreement. Call "FL … set".

Ensure that a maximum 1,000 feet per minute rate of climb is not exceeded during the last 1,000 feet when in RVSM airspace. It is generally preferred that

VNAV is left engaged. Follow RVSM procedures for the remainder of the flight.

Note. When established in a level attitude at cruise, if the center tank contains usable fuel and the center tank pump switches are off, the center tank pump