- •Contents
- •Acknowledgements
- •Introduction
- •1 Preliminaries to translation as a process
- •PRACTICAL 1
- •1.1 Intralingual translation
- •1.2 Intralingual translation
- •1.3 Gist translation
- •2 Preliminaries to translation as a product
- •EQUIVALENCE AND TRANSLATION LOSS
- •PRACTICAL 2
- •2.1 Translation loss
- •2.2 Degrees of freedom; translation loss
- •3 Cultural transposition
- •CULTURAL TRANSPOSITION
- •Exoticism and calque
- •Cultural transplantation
- •Cultural borrowing
- •Communicative translation
- •PRACTICAL 3
- •3.1 Cultural transposition
- •4 Compensation
- •CATEGORIES OF COMPENSATION
- •PRACTICAL 4
- •4.1 Compensation
- •The formal properties of texts: Introduction
- •5 The formal properties of texts: Phonic/graphic and prosodic issues in translation
- •THE PHONIC/GRAPHIC LEVEL
- •THE PROSODIC LEVEL
- •Rudiments of Italian and English versification
- •PRACTICAL 5
- •5.1 Phonic/graphic and prosodic issues
- •5.2 Phonic/graphic and prosodic issues
- •6 The formal properties of texts: Grammatical and sentential issues in translation
- •THE GRAMMATICAL LEVEL
- •Words
- •Grammatical arrangement
- •THE SENTENTIAL LEVEL
- •PRACTICAL 6
- •6.1 Grammatical and sentential issues
- •6.2 Grammatical and sentential issues
- •7 The formal properties of texts: Discourse and intertextual issues in translation
- •THE DISCOURSE LEVEL
- •THE INTERTEXTUAL LEVEL
- •PRACTICAL 7
- •7.1 Discourse and intertextual issues
- •8 Literal meaning and translation issues
- •SYNONYMY
- •HYPERONYMY-HYPONYMY
- •PARTIALLY OVERLAPPING TRANSLATION
- •PRACTICAL 8
- •8.1 Particularizing, generalizing and partially overlapping translation
- •9 Connotative meaning and translation issues
- •ATTITUDINAL MEANING
- •ASSOCIATIVE MEANING
- •ALLUSIVE MEANING
- •REFLECTED MEANING
- •COLLOCATIVE MEANING
- •AFFECTIVE MEANING
- •PRACTICAL 9
- •9.1 Connotative meaning
- •10 Language variety: Translation issues in register, sociolect and dialect
- •REGISTER
- •Tonal register
- •Social register
- •Social or tonal?
- •SOCIOLECT
- •DIALECT
- •CODE-SWITCHING
- •PRACTICAL 10
- •10.1 Language variety
- •10.2 Language variety
- •11 Textual genre and translation issues
- •SUBJECT MATTER
- •ORAL TEXTS AND WRITTEN TEXTS
- •NOTES ON SUBTITLING
- •Sample subtitling exercise
- •PRACTICAL 11
- •11.1 Genre and translation
- •11.2 Genre and translation
- •11.3 Genre and translation
- •12 Scientific and technical translation
- •PRACTICAL 12
- •12.1 Scientific and technical translation
- •12.2 Scientific and technical translation
- •13 Official, legal and business translation
- •PREMESSA
- •BILANCIO AL 31.12.96
- •PRACTICAL 13
- •13.1 Official and legal translation
- •13.2 Official and legal translation
- •14 Translating consumeroriented texts
- •PRACTICAL 14
- •14.1 Consumer-oriented texts
- •14.2 Consumer-oriented texts
- •15 Revising and editing TTs
- •PRACTICAL 15
- •15.1 Revising and editing
- •Contrastive topics and practicals: Introduction
- •16 Contrastive topic and practical: Nominalization
- •17 Contrastive topic and practical: Determiners
- •LINGUA E LINGUACCE
- •Il Novissimo Ceccarelli Illustrato
- •UN MONDO IMBOTTITO DI MAZZETTE
- •18 Contrastive topic and practical: Adverbials
- •19 Contrastive topic and practical: Condition and future in the past
- •20 Summary and conclusion
- •Postscript: A career in translation?
- •Bibliography
- •Index
32 CULTURAL TRANSPOSITION
saying: ªHe who sleeps catches no fish/Watch your float or you'll catch no fish'º, or some such.
Translators themselves clearly need to `watch the float', and not ruin the message with ill-judged attempts at communicative translation. It is easy to be misled by semantic resemblances between SL and TL expressions, especially in respect of proverbs. For example, `To run with the hare and hunt with the hounds' is not the communicative equivalent of `Una volta corre il cane e un'altra la lepre.' Depending on context, this Italian proverb might be rendered with something like `He who laughs last laughs longest' (but cf. `Ride bene chi ride ultimo'), `Every dog has his day', `The biter bit', or `My/your/their turn will come', etc. Each of these has its own nuances, and each is susceptible to the same sorts of translation loss as the various renderings of `In casa sua ciascuno è re' and `Chi dorme non piglia pesci'.
PRACTICAL 3
3.1 Cultural transposition
Assignment
(i)You have been commissioned by a broadsheet to translate the following ST for inclusion in a series entitled `How the Continentals See Us'. Discuss the strategic decisions that you have to take before starting detailed translation of this ST, and outline and justify the strategy you adopt.
(ii)Translate the text into English.
(iii)Paying special attention to the options for cultural transposition that you rejected and adopted, discuss the main decisions of detail you took.
Contextual information
The text is a short article published in L'Espresso in November 1996.
ST
ROAST CANGURO
Il roast beef e obsoleto (e lo era già prima ancora che le angliche bocche fossero turbate dal disdicevole evento della vacca pazza). Anche il tacchino è démodé, anzi declassato al rango di vivanda plebea. Per gentlemen e ladies di Sua Maestà britannica è già tempo di rivolgere un pensierino ai menù natalizi. Che 5 trionfino le carni e i pesci. In omaggio alla nobile tradizione zoofila, la gentebene di Britannia dimostra, ancora una volta, di amare gli animali. Anche a tavola, e ben cotti.
THINKING ITALIAN TRANSLATION 33
Da alcuni anni, gli inglesi sono tra i più solleciti importatori di carni esotiche: di coccodrillo dello Zimbabwe (ne parlammo il 10/1/88), di iguana (24/4/88), 10 struzzo (7/1/94), emù e nandù (15/10/95). Per il prossimo Natale (mala tempora currunt anche per i marsupiali), arriverà nel Regno Unito (ma non ancora in Italia) perfino la carne surgelata di canguro (kangaroo, in inglese).
Questo timido, buffo, simpatico animale erbivoro, che finora aveva saltato (e 15 sono salti di nove metri di lunghezza per tre di altezza!) libero e felice nelle zone verdi dell'Australia e della Tasmania, è ora malinconicamente allevato in grandi recinti. Finirà, ancora cucciolo, nelle spietate fauci di Homo sapiens (et insatiabilis).
I promotori commerciali assicurano che si tratta di carne `magra, saporita e a 20 basso contenuto di colesterolo': stesso ritornello ascoltato per alligatore, iguana, struzzo, emù, nandù. Un gourmet giramondo mi segnala, però, che non ha gradito il sentore `di selvatico'. Caro, mite canguro, ti confesso di non essere vegetariano. Eppure mi disturba sapere che anche tu puoi finire nello stomaco degli umani e nelle scatole per gatti.
(Djalma Vitali 1996:185)
