Bibliography

accent, regional 108, 214, 217 accentuation see stress

adjective, adjectival 15, 35±6, 39, 118, 166, 170±3, 174, 179, 183, 193

adverb, adverbial(s) 35, 63, 76, 79, 162, 169±73, 174±5, 186, 189±96, 198

advertisement, advertising 26, 53, 61, 116, 124, 147±8, 185;

see also persuasive genres affective meaning 5, 99, 105, 211, 219 affixation 62±3, 133

alliteration 5, 38, 50±2, 62, 179, 204, 211, 216

allusion 5, 35, 47, 81±2, 96±7, 201 allusive meaning 5, 96±7, 99, 211 anapest, anapestic 59

anaphora see grammatical anaphora, rhetorical anaphora

Anderson, A. and Avery, C. 158, 220 Apocalypse see Revelation

Arau, A. 28

article (determiner) 162, 177±81, 184±7 aspect (verb) 65

association 25±6, 51, 94, 104, 108, 135 associative meaning 5, 95±7, 211 assonance 38, 50±2, 62, 211, 216 attitudinal meaning 5, 94±5, 211

back-translation 19, 179, 212 Baggio, R. 96

balanced (SL/TL) translation 16, 42 Ballestra, S. 106, 110±11, 220 Bassani, G. 56±7, 68, 182, 220

Bausi, F. and Martelli, M. 57, 220 Belli, G. 28

Blasetti, A. 28

Boccaccio, G. 13±14, 16, 220 brief see translation brief

business translation 129, 138±46, 209

Cage, J. 53, 54

calque 5, 27±9, 31, 33, 37, 65, 171, 212, 213, 214

Calvino, I. 42±6, 133, 181, 220 Carducci, G. 76, 220 Catalano, E. 154, 220 Chaucer, G. 82, 220

Chernobyl 22, 25, 98, 124, 169, 183 Chinese 25

Chiriotti, M. 152, 220 cliché 16, 29, 99 code-switching 110, 212

cognitive meaning see literal meaning coherence, coherent 6, 74, 75, 77±8, 80,

187, 212, 214, 218

cohesion, cohesive 5, 74, 75±6, 78±80, 123, 155, 191, 200, 212, 214

collocative meaning 5, 98±9, 212 Colucci, R. 160±1, 220

communicative translation 5, 16±18, 27± 31, 40±1, 97, 212

compensation 1, 2, 3, 26, 28, 33±46, 52, 60, 64, 69, 81, 89±91, 106, 109, 162, 173, 204, 206, 212

compensation by splitting 39±0, 213 compensation in mode 38±9, 213,

210 INDEX

compensation in place 39, 213 compounding 62±4, 134, 215 condition, conditional 65, 162, 197±203

conjunction, conjunctive phrase 40, 56, 75± 6, 79, 169, 212

connective 75±80

connotation 21, 25±6, 30, 34±7, 47, 51, 94, 104, 108±9, 212;

see also association, overtone connotative meaning 2, 3, 38, 52, 94±103,

115, 206, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219

consumer-oriented texts 2, 3, 147±52; see also persuasive genres

context, contextual 6, 8, 15, 19±21, 29±31, 34±6, 38±41, 50±2, 55, 64±5, 77±80, 85, 87±91, 94±5, 98, 105, 107±9, 131, 133± 5, 139, 143±4, 157, 162±3, 166, 169±71, 178±80, 182, 184, 186, 191±2, 194±5, 199±200, 202, 207, 212, 213, 214, 216

contrastive linguistics 4, 162±3 Correggio, A. 55, 68

crossover (between oral and written genres) 118±23

cultural borrowing 5, 27, 28±9, 212, 213, 214

cultural transplantation 5, 27, 28, 109, 213

cultural transposition 1, 27±32, 212, 213, 214

dactyl, dactylic 59 Dalisi, R. 155, 220 Dante 38, 81, 84, 96

De Carlo, A. 66, 76±7, 220

decisions of detail 6, 7, 204, 213, 218 De Gregori, F. 81

demonstrative 162, 177, 180±1 denotative meaning see literal meaning derivation 62±3

determiner 162, 177±88, 213 dialect 2, 5, 104, 108±11, 184±6, 214 dialefe 58

dieresi 58

discourse level 5, 74±80, 83±4, 117, 200, 214, 218

Djalma Vitali, E. 32, 220

Donovan 82

drama 50, 115, 117±18

Eco, U. 81, 221

editing 2, 4, 153±61, 204, 214, 217 Eliot, T.S. 82, 221

emphasis 54, 64, 67±8, 173, 190±2, 195, 200

empirical genres 5, 116, 124, 147;

see also scientific text, technical text equivalence, equivalent effect 17±19, 72;

see also semantic equivalence exegetic translation 9±11, 15, 23, 31, 214 exoticism 5, 27±9, 41, 65, 164, 167, 175,

212, 213, 214

faithful translation 16 Fazzini, M. 53±4 Fiat 150±1, 221

film 3, 28, 118±23, 127±8 Flemish 26

Flick, G.M. 188, 221 foot (metrical) 58±9

foreign, foreignness 20, 25±30, 34, 213, 218;

see also exoticism

formal properties of texts see textual variables

Francesconi, L. 39 freelance translator 208±9

free translation 15±16, 129, 212, 214 free verse 59

French 1, 26, 64, 81

Fruttero, C. and Lucentini, F. 112±13, 187, 202, 221

function of text see purpose of ST or TT function of textual features 35, 37, 47, 50,

52, 55, 59±60, 65, 67, 70, 75, 77±8, 80± 2, 96, 107, 108±9, 123, 204;

see also purpose, communicative future in the past 162, 197±203

Garioch, R. 28, 221 generalization see generalizing

translation

generalizing translation 88±91, 214, 216 Genesis 11±12

genre 1, 2±3, 5, 6, 38, 50, 59, 78, 80±1, 106, 114±28, 129, 132±5, 138, 140, 142, 145, 148±9, 162, 164, 166±7, 169, 171, 173±5, 182, 204±7, 214, 215

German 1, 26, 64 gerund 166

gist translation 8±11, 14, 15, 23, 31, 118, 214

Gogol, N. 96 Graham, J.D. 157, 221

grammatical anaphora 75, 91, 212, 214 grammatical level 62±6, 69±73, 88, 117,

215

grammatical transposition 15, 39, 41, 62, 79±80, 139, 162±3, 166, 169, 171±3, 175, 181, 184, 186, 190, 194, 206, 212, 215

grapheme 49, 216

graphic features see phonic/graphic level graphic level of textual variables see

phonic/graphic level

Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R. 75, 221 Hervey, S. 1, 4, 114, 221

Hollander, J. 87, 221

Holmes, J.S. 17, 221 homonymy 20, 217 Hunter, G.K. 10, 222 Hymes, D. 114

hyperonym 87±90, 214, 215 hyperonymy-hyponymy 87±8, 215 hyponym 87±90, 129, 185, 215, 216

iamb, iambic 59 IBM Italia 61

idiomatic, idiomaticity 34, 37±8, 41, 65, 79±80, 89±90, 135, 149, 163, 164, 166, 173±4, 179±83, 189±92, 194

idiomizing translation 16±17 illocutionary particle 67±9, 75, 215, 217 indirect speech 9, 77, 198±9, 201±2 inflection 62±4

in-house translator 209 Institute of Linguists 208, 210

Institute of Translating and Interpreting 208±10

intensifier 173, 191

INDEX 211

inter-semiotic translation 7, 215 interlinear translation 15±16, 179, 215 intersentential 74±80, 83±4;

see also discourse level

intertextual level, intertextuality 5, 48, 80± 4, 96, 215

intonation 5, 20, 55±6, 67±9, 78±9, 121, 200, 217

intralingual translation 7±12, 21, 215 Irwin, M. 117±18, 221

ITI see Institute of Translation and Interpreting

Jakobson, R. 7, 221

Keats, J. 51±2, 59, 62±4, 66, 74, 81±2, 221 Koller, W. 17, 221

language variety 3, 21, 104±13, 119, 205, 214, 217

Latin 32, 130, 143

Leech, G. 94, 221

legal translation 2, 3, 124, 138±46, 157, 209

Leopardi, G. 81, 84, 96

levels of textual variables see textual variables

Levi, P. 83±4, 96, 172, 221

lexis 5, 63, 108, 135, 139, 155, 198, 207, 213, 215;

see also vocabulary libretto 118

linguistic expression (defined) 215 linguistics 2, 15, 47±8

literal meaning 2, 3, 5, 15, 20, 26, 34±6, 38, 47, 51±2, 56, 62±3, 85±93, 94±9, 115, 118, 190, 198, 205, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218

literal translation 15±16, 27, 30±1, 33±4, 38, 41, 54, 64, 129, 132, 148±9, 162, 167, 182±3, 212, 213, 215, 216

literary genres see literary texts

literary texts 3, 5, 18, 20, 50, 53, 65, 69, 82, 85, 106, 108±10, 115±16, 124, 133± 4, 147, 156, 201, 204

literary translation see literary texts loan-words 28±9

212 INDEX

Loris Rossi, A. 154, 221 lyrics 117±18;

see also song

Machiavelli, N. 13, 221 matrices see textual matrices Menichetti, N. 57, 221

Messora, N. and Quartermaine, L. 127, 222 metre, metrical 57, 59±60

metric structure of speech see prosodic level

Millar, R. 118

Moravia, A. 156±7, 197, 221 Morgan, E. 53±4, 221 Mozart, W.A. 1

names 25±6, 117 Newmark, P. 16, 221 Nicolai, G.M. 23, 221 Nida, E. 17±18, 222

nominal expression 135, 164±76, 216 nominalization 131, 134±5, 162, 164±76,

216

noun 15, 22, 39, 131, 164±76, 177±8, 187, 193, 194, 198, 213, 216;

see also nominalization

official translation 138±46 onomatopoeia 52, 211, 216

oral text (vs written text) 4, 5, 49, 55, 67± 8, 78, 104, 115±23, 126, 194

overtone 5, 63, 67, 94, 213;

see also connotation, connotative meaning

Paoli, G. 81, 126±7, 222

parody, parodist 5, 31, 81, 115, 124 partial overlap see partially overlapping

translation

partially overlapping translation 90±1, 165, 171, 179, 216

participle 182

particularization see particularizing translation

particularizing translation 88±91, 165±6, 199, 216

partitive 178

Pascoli, G. 95±7, 222 pastiche 5, 110

persuasive genres 5, 116, 124, 147; see also advertising

Petrignani, S. 185, 222 philosophical genres 5, 116, 124, 147 phoneme 49, 216

phonic features 2, 16, 20±1, 47±8, 67, 216; see also phonic/graphic level

phonic/graphic level 5, 25, 49±54, 60±1, 62, 96, 117±18, 216, 217

phrasal verb 174±5 Pinchuk, I. 135, 222 Pirro, U. 109, 222 pitch 5, 54, 57, 67, 216 Pittàno, G. 67, 222

poetry, poetic 35, 50±1, 53, 59±60, 81, 115, 118;

see also verse Polish 25

possessive 162, 177, 179 Pradella, R. 121, 123, 127±8, 222 prefix 133

preposition 39, 64, 169±75, 177, 181 prepositional verb 174±5

pronoun 15, 39±40, 64, 74, 76, 181±3, 191 prosodic features 20, 67±8, 78±80, 117±18,

178;

see also prosodic level prosodic level 5, 54±61, 200, 216

proverb 5, 15±16, 23, 29±31, 33, 41, 97 punctuation 68, 75, 79±80, 119±20, 153,

217

purpose, communicative 35, 50±1, 55, 66± 7, 69, 114, 206, 214;

see also function of textual features purpose of ST or TT 2±3, 6, 11, 20±1, 33±

4, 38, 50, 108, 114±16, 124, 145, 147±8, 164, 173, 207

quantifier 162, 177

reflected meaning 5, 97±8, 217 register 2, 47, 78, 104±7, 133, 139, 142,

145, 149, 153, 157, 163, 164±6, 169±71, 174±5, 178, 186±7;

see also social register, tonal register

relative (clause, pronoun) 39±40, 123, 131, 177, 181±4, 186, 191

relevance 82, 204±6

religious genres 5, 116, 124, 147 rephrasing 10±11, 217

reported speech see indirect speech Revelation 22±3, 81

revision, revising 2, 4, 153±61, 180, 204, 214, 217

rhetorical anaphora 76, 217 rhyme 20, 38, 50, 52, 57, 59, 96

rhythm, rhythmic 5, 16, 20±1, 38, 55, 58± 9, 217

Russian 23±4, 25

Russo, V. 100±3, 179, 222

Samuelsson-Brown, G. 210, 222 Saponaro, M. 96±8, 222 Scialoja, T. 60, 118, 222

scientific text 50, 81±2, 116, 124, 129±37, 138, 164, 167, 201;

see also empirical genres, technical text

script 117±18

semantic equivalence 85±7, 90, 215, 218 sentence 21, 37±8, 62±3, 67, 74±80, 83±4, 108, 172, 182, 193, 199, 212, 214, 215,

217, 218

sentential level 66, 67±73, 74±8, 117, 200, 217

sequential focus 5, 67±8, 78, 80, 182 Shakespeare, W. 10±11, 21, 47, 222 sinalefe 57±8

SL see source language

SL bias 15±16, 19, 27, 115 slang 111, 218 Snell-Hornby, M. 17, 222

social register 5, 105±8, 134, 191, 217; see also register

sociolect 2, 5, 104, 107±10, 187, 217 song 3, 5, 117±18, 126±7 sound-symbolism 51±2

source language (defined) 6, 218 source text (defined) 6, 218 Spinosa, N. 66, 222

spoken text see oral text spotting 119, 121±2, 127

INDEX 213

ST see source text

stereotype, stereotyping 95, 104±7, 148, 211, 217

strategic decisions 6, 52, 57, 109, 213, 218 strategic issues 7, 33, 59, 114, 124, 207 strategy 3, 6±7, 47, 59, 106±8, 114, 124,

145, 147, 204±5, 213, 218, 219

stress 50, 54±60, 67±9, 78±9, 200, 216, 217 strong-stress metre 59

style, stylistic 2, 31, 38, 77, 81, 89, 104±6, 108, 110, 115±16, 126, 133±5, 139, 148± 50, 153, 155, 157, 162, 171, 184±7, 204, 214, 217, 218, 219

subjunctive 197±9, 201 subtitling 3, 5, 118±23, 127±8 suffix 133

superordinate see hyperonym syllable 54, 57±60, 216

synonym, synonymous 10, 20, 86, 88, 94, 98, 131, 218

synonymy 5, 63, 85, 86±7, 191, 215, 218 syntax, syntactic 5, 6, 38, 40, 63±5, 67, 108, 132, 139, 155, 173, 198, 207, 213,

214, 215, 217, 218

Tabucchi, A. 14, 69±70, 78, 80, 116, 222 target language (defined) 6, 218

target text (defined) 6, 218

technical text 2, 3, 50, 81±2, 116, 129±37, 138, 147, 156, 164±7, 182, 204, 208; see also empirical genres, technological text

technological text 129; see also technical text

tempo 57, 118, 216 tense 65, 166, 197±8, 201 text (defined) 6, 218 text-type see genre

textual matrices 3, 5, 205±6

textual variables 2, 21, 47±84, 114±16, 132, 200, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219

Thomson, J. 82

TL see target language

TL bias 15±16, 19, 27, 115

Tomasi di Lampedusa, G. 80, 92±3, 99, 181, 222