Ought to

Modal Use

Positive Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

Negative Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

You can use:

ought to recommendation

advice

рекомендація / порада

1. You ought to stop smoking.

2. Margaret ought to have exercised more so she would be better prepared for the marathon.

3. Margaret ought to come to the fit- ness center with us tonight.

1. Mark ought not drink so much.

2. Margaret ought not have run the marathon. She wasn’t in good shape.

3. Margaret ought not stay at home in front of the TV. She should go to the fit- ness center with us.

should

ought to assumption, expectation, probability

припущення / очікування / ймовірність

1. This stock ought to increase in value.

2. She ought to have received the package yesterday.

3. She ought to receive the package tonight.

“Ought not” is used primarily to express negative recommendations.

(Americans prefer “should not”)

should

* Remember that “ought to” loses the “to” in the negative. Instead of “ought not to”, we say “ought not”

Modal Use

Positive Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

Negative Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

You can use:

will

future action, prediction

майбутня дія / передбачення / прогноз

The marketing director will be rep- laced by someone from the New York office.

The meeting will be over soon.

He thinks it will rain tomorrow.

The river will overflow its banks every spring.

The marketing director will not be replaced after all.

Fred will not be there. He has a previous obligation.

shall

will

voluntary action, promising

бажана дія / обіцянка

I will take care of everything for you.

I will make the travel arrangements. There’s no need to worry.

I promise that I will write you every single day.

I will never forget you.

I will never give up the fight for freedom.

shall

will

willingness

бажання

I will wash the dishes if you dry.

We’re going to the movies. Will you join us?

will

intention

намір

I will do my exercises later on.

Modal Use

Positive Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

Negative Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

You can use:

would

polite request offers

ввічливе прохання / запрошення

Would you mind if I opened the door?

Would you like another cup of tea? I would like the roast duck, please.

will

would

desire

бажання

I would like to visit Canada soon.

My parents would like to meet your parents as soon as possible.

I wouldn’t like to see her.

would

condition

умова

1. If he were an actor, he would be in adventure mo- vies.

2. If I had been president, I would have cut the cost of education.

3. If I were elected president next year, I would cut the cost of education.

1. If I were president, I would not raise taxes.

2. If I had been president, I would not have raised taxes.

3. If I were president, I would not sign the tax increase next week.

would

past of “will”

(минулий час від “will”)

I knew that she would be very successful in her career.

He told me he would be here before 8:00.

I said I wouldn’t help you.

would

regret or irritation

співчуття / роздратованість

I wish it would snow.

I wish you wouldn’t keep interrupting me.

would

volition

воля / бажання

I would leave the table if I were you.

I wouldn’t leave the table if I were you.

will

would

repetition in past/ habitual activity

повторювана регулярна дія у минулому

When he was young, he would always do his homework.

When I was small, we would always visit relatives on Christmas Day.

When I was a kid, I wouldn’t go into the water by myself.

When he got older, he would never do his homework.

used to

Modal Use

Positive Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

Negative Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

You can use:

shall future action

(British form)

майбутня дія (британський варіант)

I shall be replaced by someone from the New York office.

I shall be there by 8:00.

I shall not be replaced after all.

I shall not be there. I have a previous obligation.

will

shall

suggestion

порада / звертання до співбесідника з метою дістати від нього вказівки

Shall we begin dinner?

Shall I help you?

Shall we move into the living room?

should

shall

voluntary action promise

(British form)

добровільна дія / обіцянка (британський варіант)

I shall take care of everything for you.

I shall make the travel arrangements. There’s no need to worry.

I shall never forget where I came from.

I shall never give up the fight for freedom.

will

shall

inevitability

(British form)

неминучість / невідворотність

(британський варіант)

Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe.

We shall overcome oppression.

I’m afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director.

Man shall never give up the exploration of the universe.

He shall not be held back.

Modal Use

Positive Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

Negative Forms

1. = Present

2. = Past

3. = Future

You can use:

should

obligation or

necessity

обов’язок / необхідність

I should be at work before 9:00.

Do you think I should apply for that job?

The equipment should be inspected regularly.

NO NEGATIVE FORMS

be sup- posed to

must

(weak form)

should

recommendation

advisability

рекомендація / порада

1. You should focus more on your family and less on work.

2. Frank should have eaten low-fat foods. That might have prevented his heart attack.

3. You really should start eating better.

1. Sarah shouldn’t call him.

2. You shouldn’t have ordered that chocolate dessert – you’re not going to finish it.

3. Sarah shouldn’t smoke when she visits Martha next week. Martha hates when people smoke in her house.

ought to

should

expectation

очікування / припущення з відтінком упевненості

1. By now, they should already be in Dubai.

2. They should have had our reply by now.

3. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new job starts on Mon- day.

1. John shouldn’t tell Beatrice his plans.

2. Susan shouldn’t have arrived in New York until yester- day.

3. Susan shouldn’t arrive in New York until next week.

ought to, be supposed to

should

desirability

бажаність

I should prefer iced tea

You shouldn’t say things like that.