1511 In late 1990 the omg published its Object Management Architecture

1515 of both technical and architectural goals; and an architecture

1533 particular parts of the reference model architecture. After passage

1600 ongoing development of the Object Management Architecture are

1602 > Object Management Architecture Guide (OMA)

1619 object systems. The Common Object Request Broker Architecture and

1631 Architecture (OMA) Guide for $50 each.

1692 - an open system, standards compliance, object-oriented architecture,

1769 CORBA (common-object-request-broker architecture) specification provides a

1920 Broker Architecture (CORBA). ORBeline goes beyond the standard

1940 Architecture (CORBA) standard. With Orbix, programmers can develop

2029 architecture and methodology for creating

2157 - object-oriented architecture

2188 o Object-Oriented Architecture

2189 Because DOME's architecture is object-oriented, there are significant

complex

2 In the domain of object-oriented programming an object is usually taken to mean an ephemeral compilation of attributes (object elements) and behaviors (methods or subroutines) encapsulating an entity. In this way, while primitive or simple data types are still just single pieces of information, object-oriented objects are complex types that have multiple pieces of information and specific properties (or attributes). Instead of merely being assigned a value, (like int =10), objects have to be "constructed". In the real world, if a Ford Focus is an "object" - an instance of the car class, its physical properties and its function to drive would have been individually specified. Once the properties of the Ford Focus "object" had been specified into the form of the car class, it can be endlessly copied to create identical objects that look and function in just the same way. As an alternative example, animal is a superclass of primate and primate is a superclass of human. Individuals such as Joe Bloggs or John Doe would be particular examples or 'objects' of the human class, and consequently possess all the characteristics of the human class (and of the primate and animal superclasses as well).

4 Objects are used in software development to implement abstract data structures, by bringing together the data components with the procedures that manipulate them. Objects in object- oriented programming are key in the concept of inheritance; thereby improving program reliability[attribution needed], simplification of software maintenance[attribution needed], the management of libraries, and the division of work in programmer teams. Object-oriented programming languages are generally designed to exploit and enforce these potential advantages of the object model. Objects can also make it possible to handle very disparate objects by the same piece of code, as long as they all have the proper method. Simple, non-OOP programs may be one "long" list of statements (or commands). More complex programs will often group smaller sections of these statements into functions or subroutines each of which might perform a particular task. With designs of this sort, it is common for some of the program's data to be 'global', i.e. accessible from any part of the program. As programs grow in size, allowing any function to modify any piece of data means that bugs can have wide-reaching effects.

6 An object-oriented program will usually contain different types of objects, each type corresponding to a particular kind of complex data to be managed or perhaps to a real-world object or concept such as a bank account, a hockey player, or a bulldozer. A program might well contain multiple copies of each type of object, one for each of the real-world objects the program is dealing with. For instance, there could be one bank account object for each real-world account at a particular bank. Each copy of the bank account object would be alike in the methods it offers for manipulating or reading its data, but the data inside each object would differ reflecting the different history of each account.

8 Object-oriented programming has roots that can be traced to the 1960s. As hardware and software became increasingly complex, manageability often became a concern. Researchers studied ways to maintain software quality and developed object-oriented programming in part to address common problems by strongly emphasizing discrete, reusable units of programming logic[citation needed]. The technology focuses on data rather than processes, with programs composed of self-sufficient modules ("classes"), each instance of which ("objects") contains all the information needed to manipulate its own data structure ("members"). This is in contrast to the existing modular programming that had been dominant for many years that focused on the function of a module, rather than specifically the data, but equally provided for code reuse, and self-sufficient reusable units of programming logic, enabling collaboration through the use of linked modules (subroutines). This more conventional approach, which still persists, tends to consider data and behavior separately.

40 records are basis for understanding objects if function literals can be stored in fields (like in functional programming languages), but the actual calculi need be considerably more complex to incorporate essential features of OOP. Several extensions of System F<: that deal with mutable objects have been studied;[18] these allow both subtype polymorphism and parametric polymorphism (generics)

66 However, Niklaus Wirth (who popularized the adage now known as Wirth's law: "Software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware becomes faster") said of OOP in his paper, "Good Ideas through the Looking Glass", "This paradigm closely reflects the structure of systems 'in the real world', and it is therefore well suited to model complex systems with complex behaviours" (contrast KISS principle).

305 timers. In Smalltalk, the situation is more complex. To make this easy, refer

398 combinations of state and environment (sometimes with complex rules).

629 +(int, complex)

631 +(float, complex)

656 lead to the use of switch statements based on type or complex coding in many

1853 paradigm for constructing complex applications out of collections of

2154 The DOME system can accomplish this complex task because it offers:

2402 sharing and carrying expensive performance costs when complex objects are

developers

12 In the 1970s, Kay's Smalltalk work had influenced the Lisp community to incorporate object- based techniques that were introduced to developers via the Lisp machine. Experimentation with various extensions to Lisp (like LOOPS and Flavors introducing multiple inheritance and mixins), eventually led to the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS, a part of the first standardized object-oriented programming language, ANSI Common Lisp), which integrates functional programming and object-oriented programming and allows extension via a Meta- object protocol. In the 1980s, there were a few attempts to design processor architectures that included hardware support for objects in memory but these were not successful. Examples include the Intel iAPX 432 and the Linn Smart Rekursiv.

16 More recently, a number of languages have emerged that are primarily object-oriented yet compatible with procedural methodology, such as Python and Ruby. Probably the most commercially important recent object-oriented languages are Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET) and C#, both designed for Microsoft's .NET platform, and Java, developed by Sun Microsystems. Both frameworks show the benefit of using OOP by creating an abstraction from implementation in their own way. VB.NET and C# support cross-language inheritance, allowing classes defined in one language to subclass classes defined in the other language. Developers usually compile Java to bytecode, allowing Java to run on any operating system for which a Java virtual machine is available. VB.NET and C# make use of the Strategy pattern to accomplish cross-language inheritance, whereas Java makes use of the Adapter pattern[citation needed].

1607 of developers, operating systems and hardware; and enhance long-

1760 designed to let developers write one application and then deploy it --

1786 "plug-and-play" object-oriented environment. This will give developers,

1817 developers can find and use objects more quickly.

1821 repository. In addition to these OMG-specific features, most developers

1823 interfaces to use objects effectively. So developers don't need to create

1824 their own, HP has supplied several object-service interfaces for developers

1827 HP's limited release of HP ORB Plus to key developers is designed so that

1944 at runtime through its Object Loader function. This enables developers to more

1957 code examples it ships with the product to help developers learning how to use

2057 designed around fine grained objects, developers can

2091 developers with general availability set for December, 1993;

2092 Release 3.1 will be available to early developers 1Q 1994

existing

8 Object-oriented programming has roots that can be traced to the 1960s. As hardware and software became increasingly complex, manageability often became a concern. Researchers studied ways to maintain software quality and developed object-oriented programming in part to address common problems by strongly emphasizing discrete, reusable units of programming logic[citation needed]. The technology focuses on data rather than processes, with programs composed of self-sufficient modules ("classes"), each instance of which ("objects") contains all the information needed to manipulate its own data structure ("members"). This is in contrast to the existing modular programming that had been dominant for many years that focused on the function of a module, rather than specifically the data, but equally provided for code reuse, and self-sufficient reusable units of programming logic, enabling collaboration through the use of linked modules (subroutines). This more conventional approach, which still persists, tends to consider data and behavior separately.

15 Object-oriented features have been added to many existing languages during that time, including Ada, BASIC, Fortran, Pas cal, and others. Adding these features to languages that were not initially designed for them often led to problems with compatibility and maintainability of code.

357 only define new frameworks but to specialize existing system frameworks

403 existing uses and semantics.

420 Differential programming is the use of inheritance to reuse existing classes

736 relevant information in a domain based on the study of existing systems and

762 D, and many others, also share common ground with SA and other existing

1092 a system without affecting existing code and eliminates switch statements.

1532 information from OMG members about existing products to fill

1892 Existing software can also be incorporated easily, providing

1897 can be derived from existing ones and the resulting configurations

1945 easily integrate Orbix applications with existing data stores be they

2042 - wrapping existing databases and legacy

2416 compatibly manage both new and existing programs. [2]

2598 Includes a survey of existing literature on testing of OO

forms