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3. Explain the meanings of the following words and word combinations in English and use them to speak about history of London.

1. insurance company

12. fleas

2. in slums

13. the blitz lasted

3. hard-hit

14. smogs

4. boundaries

15. seafaring Germanic tribes

5. housing shortage

16. to relieve

6. enormous fortunes

17. a chief source of

7. to behead

18. sided with

8. to grant self-government

19. to clear out

9. Stock Exchange

20. nobles built estates

10. to trace its history back

21. to conquer

11. mayor

22. craft and trade guilds

4. Complete these sentences with words from the box.

Thames

southwest

Romans

London

Londinium

Wall

Britain

start

Germanic

separate

1. London began about A.D. 43, when .......................started to conquer Britain.

2. The Romans built a seaport on the.......................... .

3. The Romans called the port.......................... .

4. By the 200's, the Romans had built a.......................... around London.

5. In 410 the Roman troops in..........................were called home.

6. The native Britons kept..........................alive as a trading center.

7. After the Romans left, seafaring..........................tribes repeatedly attacked London.

5. Circle the letter of the best answer to check your understanding of the main idea.

1. The Angles and Saxons divided England into

a/ two,

b/ four,

c/ six separate kingdoms.

2. The

a/ Angles,

b/ Saxons,

c/ Jutes controlled London.

3. The Saxon king Edward the Confessor built a

a/ church,

b/ palace,

c/ fortress.

4. It became the start of the

a/ City of Westminster,

b/ City,

c/ London.

5. William the Conqueror was crowned in Westminster Abbey in

a/ 1066,

b/ 1660,

c/ 1606.

6. William granted Londoners

a/privileges,

b/ Tower,

c/ self-government.

7. He built a castle, called the

a/ White Hall,

b/ White Tower,

c/ Big Ben.

8. The White tower today forms the

a/central,

b/ northern,

c/ southern part of the Tower.

9. About 1100, work began on

a/ Old St. Paul's Cathedral,

b/ Tower,

c/ Big Ben.

10. It was finished

a/ 200,

b/ 20,

c/ 120 years later.

6. Divide the text into logical parts and name them. Use the plan to speak about the history of London.

7. Work in pairs and remember what events or facts these numbers refer to.

1649

1952

1666

13,000

50,000

1547

1846

1665

100,000

1940

GRAMMAR FOCUS

8. Rewrite the sentences and change the form of the verbs given in brackets using the phrases from the box.

It’s time

As though

As if

If only

I wish

What if

They’d rather

Suppose he/it

It is as if

Oh, if

1. In 1209 London Bridge /become/the first stone bridge across the Thames.

2. London's craft and trade guilds /begin/to develop.

3. London /grow /rapidly.

4. Under King Henry VIII nobles /build/ estates outside London's walls.

5. The West End thus /begin/to develop.

6. The king /own/six palaces in London, including the Palace of Westminster.

7. In 1547 Henry VIII /die/ the palace of Westminster became the place of Parliament.

9. Find more facts about Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans and make notes of them. Present your opinions in class.

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